Sigmund Freud

    LECTURE ONE

Sigmund Freud, a Viennese physician, was invited by G. Stanley Hall, a senior and

influential American psychologist, to visit Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts, and deliver a series of lectures on his novel views about abnormal psychology. The invitation was significant because it came from a leading figure in American psychology and because Clark University was a prestigious institution. The lecture series was part of a conference to celebrate the university's 20th anniversary, which was expected to attract the best American professors and students of psychology and psychiatry.

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• Sigmund Freud was lecturing on the history of psychoanalysis to an audience of non-medical professionals. He begins by stating that he is not the creator of psychoanalysis, but rather that he was inspired by the work of Dr. Joseph Breuer.
• Freud then proceeds to give a brief case study of one of Breuer's patients who was a young woman who was suffering from a variety of physical and mental symptoms, including paralysis, blindness, and loss of speech. Breuer hypothesized that the patient's symptoms were not due to a physical illness, but to hysteria which is a mental disorder characterized by a variety of physical symptoms that have an organic basis.

• Freud then proceeds to give a brief case study of one of Breuer's patients, a young woman who was suffering from a variety of physical and mental symptoms, including paralysis, blindness, and loss of speech. Breuer hypothesized that the patient's symptoms were not due to a physical illness, but instead to hysteria, a mental disorder characterized by various physical symptoms that have no organic basis.
• Breur developed a new method of treating hysteria, which he called psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis involves having the patient talk about her symptoms and her life experiences in order to bring unconscious conflicts and emotions to the surface. Breuer/s patient eventually recovered from her symptoms after undergoing psychoanalysis.
• Freud was impressed by Breuer's success in treating this patient, and he began to develop his own theories and techniques of psychoanalysis. Freud eventually became the most famous and influential psychoanalyst in history.

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The patient, who was given the pseudonym Anna O, suffered from a variety of physical and mental symptoms. Dr. Breuer hypothesized that her symptoms were caused by repressed memories of traumatic events in her life.

Over time, Anna O. was able to recall and process many of her repressed memories, and her symptoms began to disappear. One example, Anna was able to cure her symptom of being unable to drink water by remembering a time when she had seen her dog drink from a glass and became disgusted.

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• Freud continues discussing the role of repressed memories and emotions in the development of hysteria. One of Anna O's repressed memories that she remembered was a time when she saw a snake near her sick father's bed.

Freud compares hysterical symptoms to memory symbols, such as the monuments in London that commemorate historical events. He argues that hysterics, like the people who would stand all day in from of these monuments, are fixated on the past and unable to live in the present.

Freud then discusses the two factors that contribute to the development of hysteria:

1. repressed emotions
1. When people suppress their emotions, these emotions become converted into physical symptoms and Freud calls this "hysterical conversion."
2. abnormal bodily innervations.

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• Breuer also discovered that it was possible to cure these symptoms by having the patients recall these experiences under hypnosis.
• In Freud's lecture, he states that these findings can be explained by the existence of unconscious mental states. These states are separate from conscious awareness and can continue to influence the mind and body even if the person is not aware of them.

• In this lecture, Freud criticizes Breuer's concept of hypnoidal states as being too narrow. Freud argued that the unconscious mental states can have a variety of causes, including childhood experiences, repressed emotions, and conflicts.
• Freud concludes this first lecture by stating that psychoanalysis is still in its early stages of development and that it has the potential to provide a comprehensive explanation of the causes and treatment of hysteria.

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References

 Freud, S. (1925). The origin and development of psychoanalysis. An Outline of Psychoanalysis., 21–70. https://doi.org/10.1037/11350-001

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THAT

TAT

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The main ideas of psychoanalysis have influenced testing methods used in clinical practice. Sigmund Freud found psychoanalysis which has had a profound impact on the field of psychology. One of these influences is the development of testing methods used in clinical practice. Some of the key psychoanalytic concepts that have influenced testing include (Shiraev,2016):

• Unconscious Mind: This is a reservoir of repressed thoughts feelings and experiences that can influence our behavior without our awareness.
• Projective tests such as the Thematic Apperception Test are designed to tap into our unconscious mind by presenting ambiguous stimuli that can be interpreted differently. 
• Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious mental processes that protect us from discomfort.
• Projective tests can also be used to identify defense mechanisms by observing how people distort or avoid certain stimuli.
• Personality Structure: The ID, the EGO, and the SUPEREGO compose personality.
• Projective tests can assess the strength of these different parts of personality.
• Objects Relations: Focuses on the way we relate to others.
• Projective tests can assess someone's attachment style and also their ability to form healthy relationships.

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The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

The TAT is a projective test that consists of a series of ambiguous pictures. The person taking the test is asked to tell a story about each picture. The stories are then analyzed for themes, which are recurring patterns of thought, feeling, and behavior. This test can be used to assess a wide range of psychological factors, such as (Shirae 2016 ):

• Personality traits
• Defense mechanisms
• Conflicts
• Needs 
• Fears
• Fantasies

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What about TAT psychoanalysis

For example, someone who is struggling with anger issues may tell stories about characters who are angry and aggressive. Someone who is feeling insecure may tell stories about characters who are rejected or abandoned.  (Shirae 2016)

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Depression                  Trauma

                                         It can also assess (Shirae 2016):

Anxiety               Personality Disorders

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References

 Shiraev, E. (2016). Personality Theories. SAGE Publications, Inc. (US). https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/books/9781506300795

Harm Reduction

 

Harm Reduction is key to improving public health.

Harm reduction is a public health approach that aims to minimize the negative consequences associated with drug use, drug policies, and drug laws. It is based on the principle that people who use drugs should be treated with respect and dignity, and that they should have access to services and support that help them reduce the risks associated with their drug use.

Harm reduction is important for a number of reasons. First, it can help to save lives. For example, syringe service programs provide clean needles and syringes to people who use drugs, which helps to prevent the spread of HIV and other blood-borne diseases. Naloxone distribution programs provide people with a medication that can reverse the effects of an opioid overdose.

Second, harm reduction can help to improve the health and well-being of people who use drugs. For example, safe injection sites provide people with a safe and supervised place to inject drugs, which can help to reduce the risk of overdose and other complications. Medication-assisted treatment (MAT) is a type of treatment that uses medication to help people reduce or stop their drug use, and it can also improve their physical and mental health.

Third, harm reduction can help to reduce the stigma associated with drug use. This can make it easier for people to seek help and support, and it can also help to reduce the criminalization of drug use.

Harm reduction is not about promoting or encouraging drug use. Instead, it is about recognizing that drug use is a reality and that people who use drugs deserve to be treated with respect and compassion. Harm reduction offers people the tools and support they need to reduce the risks associated with their drug use and improve their health and well-being.

Harm reduction is a key to improving public health. It is an evidence-based approach that can help save lives, improve the health and well-being of people who use drugs, and reduce the stigma associated with drug use. Harm reduction is not about promoting or encouraging drug use. Instead, it is about recognizing that drug use is a reality and that people who use drugs deserve to be treated with respect and compassion.

 Harm reduction: The program should provide information and resources to help people who are using crystal meth reduce the harm they are causing themselves and others. This could include information on how to use safely, how to recognize and respond to overdoses, and how to reduce the risk of HIV and other infections. The program should also provide access to clean needles and other drug paraphernalia.