The Dark Side of Personality

  How Authoritarianism Leads to Prejudice

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The concept of the authoritarian personality is a psychological theory that attempts to explain how people come to hold prejudiced and discriminatory attitudes toward other social groups. Authoritarian personalities are characterized by a number of traits including:

• Conventionalism - a strong adherence to traditional values and norms
  
• Authoritarian submission - a tendency to submit to authority figures and to endorse authoritarian values
• Authoritarian aggression - a tendency to be aggressive and hostile towards those who violate traditional values or challenge authority.
• Anti-intraception - a distrust of subjectivity and imagination
• Superstition and stereotypy - a belief in mysticism and a tendency to think in rigid categories.
• Power and toughness - a concern with dominance and submission
• Destructiveness and cynicism - a hostile and cynical view of human nature
• Projectivity - a tendency to project one's own negative qualities onto others.
• Exaggerated concerns over sex - an excessive preoccupation with sex and sexuality.

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Research has shown that people who score high on measures of authoritarian personality are more likely to hold prejudiced attitudes towards a variety of social groups including racial and ethnic minorities,   LGBT+ people, and immigrants. This is because authoritarian personalities tend to view the world in terms of black-and-white categories, with good people on one side and bad people on the other. They also tend to be suspicious of and hostile towards those who are different from them

It is important to note that not everyone who is prejudiced has an authoritarian personality. However, research has shown that authoritarian personality is a strong predictor of prejudice.

Here are some ways to reduce prejudice against other social groups:

1. Educate people about the dangers of prejudice and discrimination
2. Promote intergroup contact and cooperation
3. Challenge negative stereotypes and misconceptions.
4. Advocate for policies that promote diversity and inclusion.

By taking these steps, we can help to create a more just and equitable society for all.

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References

Osborne, D., Satherley, N., Little, T. D., & Sibley, C. G. (2021). Authoritarianism and Social Dominance Predict Annual Increases in Generalized Prejudice. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 12(7), 1136-1145. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550620969608

Still Shaping the Way We Think About Ourselves

Why Early Psychologists Still Matter: A Look at the Lasting Legacy of Freud, Adler, and Jung

The theories of early thinkers in psychology continue to have an impact today for a number of reasons:

1. These pioneers of the field and their work laid the foundation for our modern understanding of the mind and human behavior.
2. Their theories were insightful and groundbreaking and they offered new ways of thinking about human nature and the causes of mental illness.
3. Their theories have been supported by empirical research and while some of their specific ideas have been rejected many of their core insights have been validated by research.
4. Their theories are widely taught in psychology courses which means that a new generation of psychologists is exposed to their work and influenced by it to this day.

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• Psychoanalytic theory has been used to inform the treatment of mental illness, the understanding of child development, and the interpretation of art and literature.
• The theories of early thinkers in psychology have been criticized, but they remain important and influential for the reasons listed above.
• Their work has helped us to better understand ourselves and the world around us.

Here are some specific examples of the impact of early thinkers in psychology on the world today

Here are some specific examples of the impact of early thinkers in psychology on the world today (Shiraev,2016):

• Freud's theory of the unconscious mind has had a profound influence on our understanding of human behavior. Psychotherapists use psychoanalytic techniques to help people access and understand their unconscious thoughts and feelings.
• Adler's theory of striving for superiority has been used to develop interventions for a variety of problems including depression, anxiety, and antisocial behavior.
• Jung's theory of archetypes has been used to interpret art, literature, and mythology from around the world and has also been used to develop new approaches to psychotherapy.

While they are not without their flaws, they continue to be valuable and influential sources of knowledge about the human mind and behavior.

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 References

 Shiraev, E. (2016). Personality Theories. SAGE Publications, Inc. (US). https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/books/9781506300795

A Tale of Sex, Strivings, and Wholeness

 The Three Psychoanalysts

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Jung, Freud, and Adler all believed that personality is shaped by early childhood experiences and that the unconscious mind plays a significant role in human behavior. They also all believed that people are motivated by a variety of factors including both conscious and unconscious desires (Shiraev, 2016).

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• The Three (Shiraev, 2016):

• Freud believed that the primary motivator of human behavior is sex drive, and he also believed that personality is largely determined by early childhood experiences, particularly the Oedipus complex.
• Adler believed that the primary motivator of human behavior is the striving for superiority - power, competence, and significance. He also emphasized the importance of social and cultural factors in shaping personality.
• Jung believed that the primary motivator of human behavior is the striving for wholeness - self-actualization. He also believed that personality is influenced by both the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious.

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References

Shiraev, E. (2016). Personality Theories. SAGE Publications, Inc. (US). https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/books/9781506300795