Erikson

Erikson

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• Erik Erikson was born in 1902 in Germany and trained at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute before coming to the United States.

🧱Taught atYale University

🧱Taught at the University of California at Berkley

🧱Taught at Harvard

🧱 Worked as a psychology practitioner

🧱Erikson proposed that the ego is supposed to develop in stages

Erikson's eight stages of development (Shiraev, 2016). 

  Stage                                      Ego Crisis                                     Age                        Positive Outcome

     One                                    TrustVs.Mistrust                           0-2                                  Hope

     Two                               Autonomy vs shame/doubt                2-3                                  Will

    Three                             Initiative vs Guilt                               3-5                                Purpose

      

   Four                             Industry vs Inferiority                      5-12                           Competence

    

  Five                                Ego identity vs role confusion         adolescence                 Fidelity

Six                                 Intimacy vs. Isolation                        Young Adulthood        Love

Seven                             Generativity                                        Adulthood             Care

Eight                              Ego integrity vs despair                       Maturity               Wisdom

 

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According to Erikson if the crisis for a certain stage was not met, then the ego would lose strength which would result in poor adaption (Shiraev, 2016). 

🧱Identity Crisis

Erikson believed it was the result of tension or conflict between the developing ego and the changing world (Shiraev, 2016). 

• Erikson's theory differed from psychoanalysis which theorized that the personality is shaped during infancy and early childhood. 
• So basically Erikson's theory of development stated that development was an ongoing process, and psychoanalytic theories believed that infancy and early childhood developed personality.

🧱1969 Erikson wrote about the great Indian Mohandas Gandhi

Erikson believed the goal of psychotherapy was to encourage the growth of whatever virtues a person was missing so that person could achieve happiness(Shiraev, 2016).  

References

Shiraev, E. (2016). Personality Theories: A Global View. SAGE Publications, Inc. (US). https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/books/9781506300795

 Anna Freud

Sigmund Freud's youngest daughter, Anna Freud, was born in Vienna. " At the age of 15, she was reading her father's articles and books (Shiraev, 2016). She trained in Germany to work as a teacher and in 1938 she along with her family escaped persecution by the Nazis and migrated from Austria to London. 

🥏She started the Anna Freud Centre a child therapy clinic. 

🥏She was awarded the Decoration of Honor for Services to the Republic of Austria.

🥏She emphasized that children could not explain their psychological problems the way adults could

🥏She wrote The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense in 1966

She wrote about the ego's struggle with the overwhelming demands of the id, on the one hand, and powerful restrictions imposed by reality, on the other (Shiraev, 2016).

Ego Defenses

Unconscious structures enable an individual to avoid awareness of unpleasant, anxiety-arousing issues (Shiraev, 2016). 

🟥The ego functions to defend itself from these issues.

🟥The ego does this automatically in an unconscious way.

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Anna Freud theorized ten basic defense mechanisms (Shiraev, 2016).

🧩 Repression

🧩Regression 

🧩Reaction formation

   🧩  Undoing        🧩 Isolation

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Projection                                                     🧩 Self-Harm                       🧩 Introjection

🧩 Rationalization                          🧩Displacement

References

Shiraev, E. (2016). Personality Theories: A Global View. SAGE Publications, Inc. (US). https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/books/9781506300795

Ego Psychology 

Psychoanalysis is a theory of personality that has had a long-lasting impact on psychology. Freud's followers supported some elements of the theory, refined others, and outright rejected yet others.They contributed to personality psychology by paying serious attention to social factors contributing to an individual's development and experience (Shiraev, 2016). 

🟥Most of Freud's followers accepted the general idea that infantile conflicts affect the individual's adult experiences and personality features.

🟥Psychoanalytic therapy can help the individual become aware of these conflicts🟥🟥

 🟥This is the idea that unresolved conflicts from childhood can have a lasting impact on our personality and behavior.

🟥They also acknowledged that the individual is generally unaware of these conflicts.

🟥This is a form of psychotherapy that focuses on helping the individual to understand and resolve their unconscious conflicts.

 

Several trends emerged in the new wave of psychoanalysis.

• Some psychoanalysts focused on a further examination of the ego and its functioning.
• Ego psychology focuses on how the ego interacts with the social environment.
• Other psychoanalysts focused on the role of object relations in personality development.
• Object relations theory emphasizes the importance of early relationships with caregivers in shaping the individual's personality.

Other psychoanalysts focused on the role of culture in personality development.

Cultural psychoanalysis emphasizes the importance of social and cultural factors in shaping the individual's personality (Shiraev, 2016). 

Resources

Shiraev, E. (2016). Personality Theories: A Global View. SAGE Publications, Inc. (US). https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/books/9781506300795