The Dream Work: Condensation

One of the most important processes of the dream work is condensation. Condensation is the process by which multiple dream thoughts are represented by a single dream image or element. This can happen in a number of ways, such as:

1. Symbolism: A single dream image can represent multiple dream thoughts. For example, a dream about a snake might represent multiple fears or anxieties, such as fear of sex, fear of death, or fear of the unknown.
2. Fusion: Two or more dream thoughts can be fused together into a single dream image. For example, a dream about a person who is both your father and your boss might represent the conflict between your need for love and support from your father and your need for respect and authority from your boss.
3. Omission: A single dream image can represent multiple dream thoughts by omitting some of the details. For example, a dream about a person who is only vaguely familiar to you might represent multiple people in your life who you feel a connection to, but who you don't know very well.

Condensation is a way for the dream work to represent a lot of information in a compact form. This is important because dreams are limited by the amount of information that can be processed in the sleeping brain. Condensation allows the dream work to pack a lot of meaning into a single dream image, which makes it easier for the dreamer to remember and process the dream.

However, condensation can also make it difficult to interpret dreams. When multiple dream thoughts are represented by a single dream image, it can be hard to figure out what the dream is really about. This is why dream interpretation is often a challenging process.

Despite the challenges, condensation is an essential part of the dream work. It is a way for the dream to communicate complex and sometimes contradictory information to the dreamer. By understanding how condensation works, we can better understand the meaning of our dreams.

In addition to the examples mentioned above, here are some other examples of condensation in dreams:

A dream about a crowded room might represent multiple social interactions that the dreamer is struggling to keep track of.

A dream about a long journey might represent multiple challenges or obstacles that the dreamer is facing in their life.

A dream about a fire might represent multiple emotions, such as anger, passion, or destruction.

If you are interested in learning more about dream condensation, I recommend reading Sigmund Freud's book The Interpretation of Dreams. Freud was the first to describe condensation as a process of
dream work, and he provides many examples of condensation in dreams.

References

Freud, S. (1911). The Interpretation of Dreams (3rd ed.). Hayes Barton Press. 

                                    https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/books/L-999-74204

2 Big Changes to the DSM in the 1980's

 In the 1980s, the American Psychiatric Association added PTSD into the DSM and phased out homosexuality as a diagnosis. Today the DSM does not even list homosexuality as a disease, and the DSM has revised the criteria for PTSD and reclassified it. And while the LGBTQ community and PTSD victims benefit from these changes, they did not occur overnight. 

  This change in the DSM regarding homosexuality occurred from conflicting theories about homosexuality throughout history. Pathology, Immaturity, and normal variation were the main categories of theories about homosexuality (Drescher, 2015a). Pathology saw homosexuality as a disease. Richard von Krafft-Ebbing was a German psychiatrist who stated that homosexuality was the result of a disorder. His theory stated that people could have a predisposition to being gay, but the tendencies of homosexuality constituted a disease. He wrote Psychopathia Sexualis in 1886, and this defined the framework for deviant human sexual behavior diagnostic manuals of the mid-twentieth century.  

Sigmund Freud believed in the immaturity theory which stated that homosexual feelings at an early age were a normal step toward adult development of sexuality (Drescher,2015). With this theory, homosexuality resulted from stunted growth and the development of adult heterosexuality. Mid-nineteenth century Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Magnus Hirschfeld, and Hungarian journalist Karl Maria Kertbeny all believed there was some normal variation in nature. Kertbeny coined the phrase homosexual and homosexuality (Drescher, 2015a). After Freud died in 1939, Sandor Rado impacted the mid-twentieth century with his theory that homosexuality was a phobia of heterosexuality and pathological. Rado stated that this was caused by inadequate parenting. In 1952 homosexuality was classified as a “sociopathic personality disturbance” (Drescher, 2015a). Psychiatrists reclassified homosexuality as a sexual deviation in 1968. The pendulum swung back and forth on the topic until finally in 1973 gay activists disrupted the 1970 and 1971 APA meetings. This led to the APA removing homosexuality from the DSM in 1973; however, they only changed the name to sexual orientation disturbance diagnosis. This allowed for insurance-endorsed sexual conversion therapies if the individual’s same-sex attractions caused self-distress. In 1973 the DSM-III replaced it with Ego-dystonic homosexuality disorder and in 1987 the DSM-III-R finally removed this diagnosis. 

When the APA added PTSD to the DSM-III, it only applied to victims of such events such as war, torture, the Nazi holocaust, major war bombings, natural disasters, and human-caused disasters such as mass shootings, crashes, and bombings (PTSD History and Overview - PTSD: National Center for PTSD, n.d.). Since the APA separated traumatic events from life stressors such as divorce, rejection, failure, etc..., they categorized these life stressors as adjustment disorders instead of PTSD. In 1987 and 1994 the DSM-IIIR and the DSM-IV revised PTSD diagnostic criteria. The 1994 DSM-IV stated that the patient had exhibited a history of traumatic event exposure and symptoms from the following three clusters: intrusive recollections, avoidant/numbing symptoms, and hyperarousal symptoms (PTSD History and Overview - PTSD: National Center for PTSD, n.d.). The fifth criterion defined the duration of symptoms and the sixth criterion stated that the severity of the symptoms must cause a lot of distress and/ or impairment of necessary functions. The DSM-IV-TR also revised PTSD diagnosis. In 1980 no one knew the actual prevalence of PTSD, so the DSM-5 made evidence-based revisions to PTSD (PTSD History and Overview - PTSD: National Center for PTSD, n.d.). The American Psychiatric Association categorized PTSD as a Trauma-stressor-related disorder with the DSM-5 in 2013. The DSM expanded diagnostic criteria to include disruptive behaviors such as anger, impulsiveness, recklessness, and self-destruction. Also, the patient can experience trauma directly or indirectly. A dissociative subtype was added to the DSM-5, along with a preschool subtype for children up to six. Due to these changes in the DSM, there are more effective treatments including the FDA-approved use of SSRIs. There is also a psychological first aid kit online (Psychological First Aid: Field Operations Guide - PTSD: National Center for PTSD, 2014). 

Research trends in the DSM include changes to the DSM on homosexuality and the addition and revision of PTSD. Due to these research trends, public emotional intelligence regarding these topics increased and public stigmas surrounding them decreased. Social justice is also achieved when public stigma and discrimination are reduced. 

References 

Drescher, J. (2015a). Out of DSM: Depathologizing Homosexuality. Behavioral Sciences, 5(4), 565–575. https://doi-org.ezproxy.snhu.edu/10.3390/bs5040565 

Psychological First Aid: Field Operations Guide - PTSD: National Center for PTSD. (2014). Va.gov. https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/type/psych_firstaid_manual.asp 

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PTSD History and Overview - PTSD: National Center for PTSD. (n.d.). Www.ptsd.va.gov. https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/essentials/history_ptsd.asp#:~:text=In%201980%2