Genetic and Neurochemical Factors That Lead to Mood Disorders.

Genetic and Neurochemical Factors That Lead to Mood Disorders

•  Family and twin studies suggest that there is a moderate genetic contribution to major depressive disorder (MDD).
• The serotonin-transporter gene is one candidate gene that may be involved in MDD.
• A study by Caspi and colleagues found that people with the short allele of the serotonin-transporter gene were more likely to develop MDD if they had experienced four or more stressful life events in the past 5 years.
• However, a later study by Risch and colleagues challenged these results.
• A more recent study by Culverhouse and colleagues found that the genotype–environment interaction between the serotonin-transporter gene and stressful life events does not exist.

These findings highlight the importance of replication in the scientific process, as well as the difficulties associated with mapping links between subtle variations in the human genome and the occurrence of depressive illness (Hooley et al, 2019)

•  The monoamine theory of depression states that depression is caused by a depletion of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin.
•  Not all patients with depression have low levels of these neurotransmitters, and even when levels are low, they may not return to normal after treatment with antidepressant medication.
• More recent research suggests that dopamine dysfunction may also play a role in depression. Dopamine is involved in the experience of pleasure and reward, and its depletion may contribute to the anhedonia (inability to experience pleasure) that is a common symptom of depression.

No single theory of depression has been able to fully explain the disorder. However, research suggests that depression is caused by a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and biological factors.

References

Hooley, J. M., Nock, M. K., & Butcher, J. N. (2019). Abnormal Psychology (18th ed.). Pearson Education (US). https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/books/9780135191033

 

 Who is at Risk for Suicide?

 Suicide is a serious public health issue that affects people of all ages, genders, and backgrounds. However, there are some groups of people who are at higher risk for suicide than others.

Gender

Men are four times more likely than women to die by suicide. This is likely due to a combination of factors, including the fact that men are more likely to use lethal means in their suicide attempts and that they are less likely to seek help for mental health problems.

Age

Suicide is very rare in children, but the risk increases dramatically during adolescence and young adulthood. The highest rates of suicide are seen in people aged 15-24. The risk of suicide then declines somewhat in midlife, before increasing again in older adulthood.

Race and ethnicity

White people are more likely to die by suicide than people of other races and ethnicities. This is particularly true for white men

Mental health conditions

Mental health conditions are a major risk factor for suicide. People with depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and other mental health conditions are more likely to attempt or die by suicide.

Substance abuse

People who abuse alcohol or drugs are also at increased risk for suicide. This is because substance abuse can lead to problems in other areas of life, such as relationships, finances, and employment. These problems can make it more difficult to cope with stress and can increase the risk of suicide.

History of suicide attempts

People who have attempted suicide in the past are more likely to attempt or die by suicide in the future. This is why it is so important to get help for suicidal thoughts and behaviors as soon as possible.

Exposure to trauma

People who have experienced trauma, such as abuse, neglect, or violence, are also at increased risk for suicide. This is because trauma can lead to problems with mental health, substance abuse, and interpersonal relationships. These problems can make it more difficult to cope with stress and can increase the risk of suicide.

Lack of social support

People who feel isolated and alone are more likely to attempt or die by suicide. This is because social support can help people to cope with stress and to feel connected to others. If you are feeling isolated or alone, it is important to reach out to friends, family, or a mental health professional for support.

If you are concerned that you or someone you know may be at risk for suicide, please reach out for help. There are many resources available, including:

The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline: 1-800-273-TALK (8255)

The Crisis Text Line: Text HOME to 741741

The Trevor Project: 1-866-488-7386

The Jed Foundation: https://www.jedfoundation.org/

The American Foundation for Suicide Prevention: https://afsp.org/

References

 Hooley, Jill, M.,et al. Abnormal Psychology. Available from: VitalSource Bookshelf, (18th   Edition). Pearson Education (US), 2019.

 Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia): What You Need to Know

 

Persistent depressive disorder (PDD), formerly called dysthymic disorder or dysthymia, is a mental health condition characterized by a persistent low mood that lasts for at least two years. People with PDD may also experience other symptoms, such as low energy, poor concentration, and feelings of hopelessness.

PDD is a chronic condition, but it is treatable. With the right treatment, people with PDD can learn to manage their symptoms and live full and productive lives.

What are the symptoms of PDD?

The main symptom of PDD is a persistent low mood. This mood may be described as feeling sad, down, or hopeless. People with PDD may also experience:

1. Low energy
2. Poor concentration
3. Difficulty making decisions
4. Low self-esteem
5. Feelings of hopelessness
6. Loss of interest in activities that were once enjoyable
7. Sleep disturbances (either insomnia or hypersomnia)
8. Changes in appetite (either weight loss or weight gain)
9. Fatigue
10. Aches and pains
11. Thoughts of death or suicide

How is PDD diagnosed?

PDD is diagnosed by a mental health professional. The diagnosis is based on a review of the person's symptoms and medical history. The professional will also rule out other possible causes of the symptoms, such as a medical condition or substance abuse.
What are the treatments for PDD? PDD is a treatable condition. There are a variety of treatment options available, including:

1. 
   Medication: There are a number of medications that can be effective in treating PDD. These medications typically take several weeks to start working, and they may need to be adjusted over time.
2. Therapy: Therapy can be helpful for people with PDD. There are a number of different types of therapy that can be effective, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT).
3. Lifestyle changes: Making changes to your lifestyle can also help to manage the symptoms of PDD. These changes may include getting regular exercise, eating a healthy diet, and getting enough sleep.

What is the outlook for people with PDD?

The outlook for people with PDD is good. With the right treatment, people with PDD can learn to manage their symptoms and live full and productive lives. However, PDD is a chronic condition, and there is always a risk of relapse.
If you think you may have PDD, it is important to see a mental health professional for diagnosis and treatment. With the right help, you can live a happy and fulfilling life.

References

 Hooley, J. M., Nock, M. K., & Butcher, J. N. (2019). Abnormal Psychology (18th ed.). Pearson  Education (US). https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/books/9780135191033