The Opioid Epidemic

       The Opioid Epidemic

The opioid epidemic is a serious public health crisis in the United States. Opioids are a class of drugs that include prescription painkillers, heroin, and synthetic opioids like fentanyl. They work by binding to opioid receptors in the brain, which can lead to a feeling of euphoria and pain relief. Opioid addiction is a chronic disease that can be difficult to treat. People who are addicted to opioids may experience withdrawal symptoms if they stop using the drug, and they may also develop a tolerance to the drug, meaning that they need to take more and more of it to achieve the same effect. The opioid epidemic has been caused by a number of factors, including the overprescription of opioid painkillers, the availability of heroin, and the use of synthetic opioids like fentanyl. The overprescription of opioid painkillers began in the early 1990s when pharmaceutical companies marketed these drugs as safe and effective for the treatment of chronic pain. As a result, the number of opioid prescriptions in the United States increased dramatically.

Heroin is a cheaper and more potent alternative to prescription painkillers. It is also more easily available, as it can be produced illegally. Synthetic opioids like fentanyl are even more potent than heroin. They are often added to heroin or other drugs without the user's knowledge, which can lead to overdose and death. The opioid epidemic has had a devastating impact on the United States. In 2017, there were over 70,000 drug overdose deaths in the United States, and the majority of these deaths involved opioids.

There are a number of things that can be done to address the opioid epidemic. 

• Reducing the overprescription of opioid painkillers
• Increasing access to treatment for opioid addiction
• Educating the public about the dangers of opioids
• Cracking down on the illegal sale of opioids

The opioid epidemic is a complex problem, but it is one that can be solved. By working together, we can save lives and prevent future tragedies.

If you or someone you know is struggling with opioid addiction, there is help available. Please reach out to a treatment provider or call the National Drug Helpline at 1-800-662-HELP (4357).

Resources

Capuzzi, D., & Stauffer, M. D. (2019). Foundations of Addictions Counseling (4th ed.).Pearson Education (US). https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/books/9780135169858

 

 The Effects of Alcohol

Alcohol is a depressant that affects the central nervous system. It is the most widely used drug in the world, with over 70% of people in the United States over the age of 18 reporting alcohol consumption within the previous 12 months (Capuzzi, D., & Stauffer, 2019).

Alcohol is absorbed into the bloodstream through the stomach and small intestine. Its effects are usually felt within 20 minutes. The amount of alcohol that is absorbed depends on a number of factors, including the amount of alcohol consumed, the food in the stomach, and the person's body weight. Alcohol affects the brain by slowing down the activity of neurons. This can lead to a number of changes in mood, behavior, and physical functioning.

 Some of the short-term effects of alcohol include: 

• 
  Relaxation
• Euphoria
• Reduced inhibitions
• Increased sociability
• Slurred speech
• Poor coordination
• Reduced reaction time
• Drowsiness
• Blackouts

Alcohol can also have long-term effects on the brain. Heavy drinking over time can damage brain cells and lead to a number of conditions, including:

• 
  Alcohol dependence
• Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
• Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
• Dementia
• Stroke
  
• Liver disease
• Heart disease
• Cancer

Alcohol can also be addictive. People who are addicted to alcohol may experience withdrawal symptoms if they stop drinking. These symptoms can include anxiety, tremors, nausea, and vomiting.

If you are concerned about your drinking, it is important to talk to a doctor or a therapist. They can help you assess your drinking and develop a plan to reduce or stop drinking.

 Here are some tips for reducing your drinking:

• Set limits on how much you drink.
• Drink slowly and evenly.
• Eat before you drink.
• Avoid drinking on an empty stomach.
• Drink non-alcoholic beverages in between alcoholic drinks.
• Take breaks from drinking.
• Have a plan for how you will get home safely if you are drinking.

References 

 Capuzzi, D., & Stauffer, M. D. (2019). Foundations of Addictions Counseling (4th ed.).  Pearson Education (US). https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/books/9780135169858

The History of Drug Laws in the United States

 The History of Drug Laws in the United States

The history of drug laws in the United States is a long and complex one, dating back to the late 19th century. During this time, there was growing concern about the use of drugs in patent medicines and products sold over the counter. Cocaine, opium, and morphine were common ingredients in many potions, and even Coca-Cola once contained cocaine.

In an effort to control the use of these drugs, the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was passed. This act required labels on drugs contained in products, including opium, morphine, and heroin. The Harrison Act of 1914 went even further, taxing opium and coca products with registration and record-keeping requirements.

The Controlled Substances Act of 1970 was the next major piece of legislation to address drug use. This act classified drugs according to their medical use, the potential for abuse, and the possibility of creating dependence. According to Uhl (2023), The five classes of drugs are:

1. Schedule I: Drugs with no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse
2. Schedule II: Drugs with a high potential for abuse but also a legitimate medical use
3. Schedule III: Drugs with moderate potential for abuse and a legitimate medical use
4. Schedule IV: Drugs with low potential for abuse and a legitimate medical use
5. Schedule V: Drugs with very low potential for abuse and a legitimate medical use

Since the passage of the Controlled Substances Act, there have been a number of changes to the drug laws in the United States. For example, the Controlled Substances Analogue Enforcement Act of 1986 made it illegal to manufacture or distribute drugs that are similar to controlled substances. And the Prescription Drug Abuse Prevention Act of 2010 increased penalties for drug trafficking and abuse.

The current drug laws in the United States are a complex and controversial issue. There is no easy answer to the question of how to best address drug use and addiction. However, it is important to have a clear understanding of the history of drug laws in order to make informed decisions about the future.

The War on Drugs

In the 1970s, the United States government launched a War on Drugs. This was a major initiative to reduce the illegal drug trade and drug use. The War on Drugs has been criticized for its high costs and its focus on incarceration rather than prevention and treatment.

One of the most controversial aspects of the War on Drugs has been the use of mandatory minimum sentences for drug offenses. These sentences have resulted in the incarceration of large numbers of people, many of whom are nonviolent offenders (Foundations of Addictions Counseling, n.d.).

The War on Drugs has also been criticized for its disproportionate impact on minority communities. African Americans and Latinos are more likely to be arrested and convicted of drug offenses than white Americans (Foundations of Addictions Counseling, n.d.).

The Future of Drug Laws

The future of drug laws in the United States is uncertain. There is growing support for decriminalizing or legalizing certain drugs, such as marijuana. However, there is also opposition to these changes, and it is unclear whether they will be implemented.

The debate over drug laws is likely to continue for many years to come. It is a complex issue with no easy answers. However, it is important to have a clear understanding of the history of drug laws in order to make informed decisions about the future.

In addition to the information above, here are some other things to consider when thinking about the future of drug laws in the United States:

• The rise of the opioid crisis
• The increasing availability of synthetic drugs
• The role of technology in drug trafficking
• The need for more effective prevention and treatment programs

The future of drug laws in the United States is uncertain, but it is clear that this is an issue that will continue to be debated for many years to come.

Resources

 Capuzzi, D., & Stauffer, M. D. (2019). Foundations of Addictions Counseling (4th ed.). Pearson Education (US). https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/books/9780135169858

Foundations of Addictions Counseling 1292041943, 1269374508, 9781292041940, 9781269374507. (n.d.). Dokumen.pub. Retrieved August 17, 2023, from   https://dokumen.pub/foundations-addictions-counseling-  

Uhl, G. R. (2023). Selecting the appropriate hurdles and endpoints for pentilludin, a novel antiaddiction pharmacotherapeutic targeting the receptor type protein tyrosine phosphatase D. Frontiers in                 Psychiatry, 14, 1031283. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1031283 

 The History of Addiction Counseling in the United States

Addiction counseling is a relatively new field of specialization within the counseling profession. However, the history of addiction counseling in the United States can be traced back to the early 1800s, when the first temperance movements began to emerge. These movements were aimed at reducing the consumption of alcohol, and they often involved moral persuasion and religious conversion.

In the late 1800s, the first inebriate homes were established. These were residential treatment facilities for people who were struggling with alcohol addiction. The first inebriate homes were modeled after asylums, and they often used aversive conditioning techniques to treat addiction.

In the early 1900s, the focus of addiction treatment began to shift towards a more holistic approach. This approach emphasized the importance of addressing the psychological and social factors that contribute to addiction.

In the 1930s, Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) was founded. AA is a self-help group for people who are struggling with alcohol addiction. AA is based on the 12-step model of recovery, and it has been credited with helping millions of people achieve sobriety.

In the 1960s, the field of addiction counseling began to professionalize. The first professional organizations for addiction counselors were established, and the first graduate programs in addiction counseling were developed.

Today, addiction counseling is a well-established profession. Addiction counselors work in a variety of settings, including hospitals, clinics, private practices, and prisons. They provide a variety of services, including individual and group counseling, family therapy, and case management.

The role of addiction counselors is essential in the fight against addiction. They provide hope and support to people who are struggling with addiction, and they help them to achieve sobriety and recovery.

The Role of Professional Counselors in Addiction Treatment

Professional counselors play a vital role in addiction treatment. They provide a variety of services, including:

• Individual and group counseling
• Family therapy
• Case management
• Substance abuse education
• Relapse prevention planning

Counselors help clients to understand their addiction, develop coping skills, and build a strong support network. They also work with clients to address the underlying issues that may have contributed to their addiction, such as mental health problems, trauma, or stress.

The Importance of Professional Licensure

In order to practice addiction counseling, it is important to be licensed by a state

or national board. This ensures that counselors have met certain educational and training requirements. It also ensures that counselors are held accountable for their professional conduct.

If you are struggling with addiction, it is important to seek help from a qualified professional counselor. A counselor can help you to understand your addiction, develop coping skills, and build a strong support network. With the right help, you can achieve sobriety and recovery.

Resources for Addiction Treatment

• The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA): 1-800-662-HELP (4357)
• The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA): 1-800-662-HELP (4357)
• The National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence (NCADD): 1-800-662-HELP (4357)
• The American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM): 1-888-637-2726

References

 Capuzzi, David, and Mark D. Stauffer. Foundations of Addictions Counseling. Available     from: VitalSource Bookshelf, (4th Edition). Pearson Education (US), 2019.

What are Personality Disorders?

 What are Personality Disorders?

Personality disorders are a group of mental health conditions that involve long-lasting, inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. These patterns cause significant distress or problems in a person's life, and they can make it difficult to function at work, school, or in relationships.

Personality disorders are not caused by a single event, but rather by a combination of factors, including genetics, environment, and early childhood experiences. They are often diagnosed in adolescence or early adulthood, but they can develop at any age.

Three clusters of personality disorders

The symptoms of personality disorders can vary widely, but some common signs include:

• Problems with self-image or self-esteem
• Difficulty forming and maintaining relationships
• Extreme emotional reactions
• Unrealistic or inflexible expectations of others
• Impaired impulse control
• Difficulty coping with stress

If you think you or someone you know may have a personality disorder, it is important to seek professional help. There are effective treatments available, such as psychotherapy and medication.

How are Personality Disorders Treated?

The treatment for personality disorders typically involves a combination of psychotherapy and medication. Psychotherapy can help people with personality disorders to understand their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, and to develop healthier coping mechanisms. Medication can help to manage some of the symptoms of personality disorders, such as anxiety or depression.

The specific type of psychotherapy that is most effective for personality disorders varies depending on the individual. Some common types of psychotherapy include:

• Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT): CBT helps people to identify and change their negative thoughts and behaviors.
• Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT): DBT teaches people skills to manage their emotions and relationships.
• Schema therapy: Schema therapy helps people to identify and change their core beliefs and schemas, which are negative patterns of thinking and feeling that contribute to personality disorders.
• Medication is not always necessary for the treatment of personality disorders, but it can be helpful in some cases. The specific type of medication that is prescribed will depend on the individual's symptoms.

 Some common medications used to treat personality disorders include:

• Antidepressants: Antidepressants can help to manage symptoms of anxiety and depression.
• Antipsychotics: Antipsychotics can help to manage symptoms of delusions and hallucinations.
• Mood stabilizers: Mood stabilizers can help to manage symptoms of mood swings.

Living with a Personality Disorder

Living with a personality disorder can be challenging, but it is important to remember that you are not alone. There are many people who are living with personality disorders and who are able to lead fulfilling lives.

If you have a personality disorder, it is important to seek professional help. With treatment, you can learn to manage your symptoms and live a full and productive life.

Here are some tips for living with a personality disorder:

• Educate yourself about your disorder. The more you know about your disorder, the better equipped you will be to manage it.
• Find a therapist who specializes in personality disorders. A therapist can help you to understand your disorder and develop coping mechanisms.
• Join a support group. Talking to others who have personality disorders can be helpful and supportive.
• Take care of yourself. Make sure to get enough sleep, eat healthy foods, and exercise regularly.
• Don't give up. Living with a personality disorder can be challenging, but it is important to remember that you are not alone and that there is help available.

References

Hooley, Jill, M. et al. Abnormal Psychology. Available from: VitalSource Bookshelf, (18th Edition). Pearson Education (US), 2019.

Huntington's Disease: A Degenerative Brain Disorder

 Huntington's Disease: A Degenerative Brain Disorder

Huntington's disease is a rare, inherited neurodegenerative disorder that affects about 1 in every 10,000 people. It is caused by a mutation in the Huntingtin gene, which is located on chromosome 4. This mutation leads to the production of an abnormal protein that damages brain cells.

The symptoms of Huntington's disease usually begin in midlife, between the ages of 30 and 50. The first symptoms are often subtle and may include mood changes, personality changes, and difficulty with thinking and concentration. As the disease progresses, people with Huntington's disease develop involuntary movements (chorea), cognitive decline, and dementia.

There is currently no cure for Huntington's disease. Treatment is aimed at managing the symptoms and improving the quality of life. Medications can be used to treat the chorea and other movement disorders. Physical therapy and occupational therapy can help to improve mobility and function. Speech therapy can help to improve communication.

Genetic testing is available for people who are at risk of developing Huntington's disease. This testing can be done before symptoms appear, but it is a personal decision whether or not to get tested.

If you are considering genetic testing for Huntington's disease, it is important to talk to your doctor about the risks and benefits. You should also talk to a genetic counselor, who can help you understand the results of the test and make decisions about your future. Here are some additional things to know about Huntington's disease:

• The disease is progressive, meaning that the symptoms get worse over time.
• There is no cure for Huntington's disease, but there are treatments that can help manage the symptoms.
• The disease is inherited, so people with a family history of Huntington's disease are at increased risk of developing the disease.
• The average life expectancy for people with Huntington's disease is 10 to 20 years after the onset of symptoms.

If you are concerned about Huntington's disease, talk to your doctor. They can help you assess your risk and discuss your options.

What would I do if I was in this situation?

If I was in the situation of knowing that I had a 50% chance of developing Huntington's disease, I would carefully consider whether or not to get genetic testing. There are many factors to consider, such as my age, my family history, and my personal beliefs. Ultimately, the decision of whether or not to get tested is a personal one.

If I did decide to get tested, I would want to do it with the support of a genetic counselor. A genetic counselor can help me understand the risks and benefits of testing, and they can help me make the decision that is right for me.

I would also want to be prepared for the possibility of a positive test result. If I tested positive for Huntington's disease, I would need to start planning for the future. I would need to think about how I would tell my family and friends, and I would need to make decisions about my care.

It is a difficult decision, but I believe that it is important to have all the information available to me so that I can make the best decision for myself and my family.

Resources

 Hooley, Jill, M. et al. Abnormal Psychology. Available from: VitalSource Bookshelf, (18th Edition).   Pearson Education (US), 2019.     

What is Cyclothymic Disorder?

 What is Cyclothymic Disorder?

Cyclothymic disorder is a type of mood disorder that is characterized by periods of hypomania (elevated mood) and depression. The mood swings in cyclothymic disorder are not as severe as those seen in bipolar disorder, but they can still have a significant impact on a person's life.

The symptoms of hypomania in cyclothymic disorder include:

• Increased energy and activity
• Increased talkativeness
• Racing thoughts
• Decreased need for sleep
• Increased self-esteem
• Increased distractibility
• Impulsive or risky behavior

The symptoms of depression in cyclothymic disorder include:

1. Sadness
2. Loss of interest or pleasure in activities
3. Fatigue
4. Difficulty concentrating
5. Changes in appetite or weight
6. Sleep problems
7. Thoughts of death or suicide

To be diagnosed with cyclothymic disorder, a person must experience at least two years of mood swings that meet the criteria for hypomania and depression. The mood swings must also cause significant distress or impairment in a person's life.

Cyclothymic disorder is often treated with medication and/or therapy. Medications that are used to treat cyclothymic disorder include mood stabilizers, such as lithium and lamotrigine. Therapy can help people with cyclothymic disorder learn how to manage their mood swings and improve their coping skills.

People with cyclothymic disorder are at an increased risk of developing full-blown bipolar disorder. If you are experiencing symptoms of cyclothymic disorder, it is important to see a doctor or mental health professional for diagnosis and treatment.

References

 Hooley, Jill, M. et al. Abnormal Psychology. Available from: VitalSource Bookshelf, (18th      Edition). Pearson Education (US), 2019.

Stress, Caffeine, and Hallucinations

 Stress, Caffeine, and Hallucinations

Do you feel like you're constantly under stress? Do you also drink a lot of caffeinated beverages? If so, you may be at an increased risk for auditory hallucinations.

A recent study found that people who are under a lot of stress and who also drink a lot of caffeine are more likely to report hearing things that aren't there. In the study, participants were asked to listen to white noise and report if they heard any fragments of the song "White Christmas." Those who reported high stress and high caffeine intake were more likely to report hearing the song, even though it wasn't actually there.

The researchers believe that caffeine may increase the risk of auditory hallucinations by increasing cortisol levels. Cortisol is a stress hormone that can make people more prone to hallucinations. Caffeine can also make people more susceptible to other sensory distortions, such as seeing things that aren't there.

This study is important because it suggests that caffeine and stress can interact to increase the risk of auditory hallucinations. This is especially concerning for people with schizophrenia, who are already at an increased risk for these symptoms. If you have schizophrenia, it's important to limit your caffeine intake and find ways to manage stress.

If you're not sure if you're at risk for auditory hallucinations, talk to your doctor. They can help you assess your risk and develop a treatment plan if necessary.

Here are some tips for managing stress and reducing your risk of auditory hallucinations:

• Get enough sleep.
• Eat a healthy diet.
• Exercise regularly.
• Practice relaxation techniques, such as yoga or meditation.
• Spend time in nature.
• Connect with friends and family.

Seek professional help if you're struggling to manage stress on your own.

It's important to remember that you're not alone. Millions of people experience stress and auditory hallucinations every day. With the right treatment and support, you can manage your symptoms and live a full and productive life.

References

                     Hooley, Jill, M. et al. Abnormal Psychology. Available from: VitalSource Bookshelf, (18th Edition). Pearson Education (US), 2019.

Schizophrenia: A Complex and Challenging Disorder

 Schizophrenia: A Complex and Challenging Disorder

Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that affects approximately 1 in 100 people worldwide. It is characterized by a range of symptoms, including delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, and impaired social functioning.

The exact cause of schizophrenia is unknown, but it is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. There is no cure for schizophrenia, but treatment with medication and therapy can help to manage the symptoms and improve the quality of life.

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

The symptoms of schizophrenia can vary from person to person, but they typically fall into three categories:

• Positive symptoms are those that are not present in healthy people.
•  They include delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking.
• Negative symptoms are those that are absent in healthy people. They include flat affect, alogia (reduced speech), and avolition (reduced motivation).
• Cognitive symptoms affect a person's ability to think, learn, and remember. They include problems with attention, concentration, and memory.

Delusions are false beliefs that are held with absolute conviction, even in the face of evidence to the contrary. For example, a person with schizophrenia might believe that they are being followed, that they have special powers, or that they are being controlled by a government agency.

Hallucinations are sensory experiences that occur in the absence of a real stimulus. For example, a person with schizophrenia might hear voices, see things that are not there or smell things that no one else can smell.

Disorganized thinking is characterized by speech that is illogical, incoherent, or difficult to follow. A person with schizophrenia might jump from topic to topic, makeup words, or have trouble staying on track.

Flat affect is a lack of emotional expression. A person with a flat affect might not smile, frown, or show any other facial expressions. They might also speak in a monotone voice and show little interest in the world around them.

Alogia is a reduction in speech. A person with alogia might speak very little, or they might say only a few words at a time. They might also have difficulty finding the right words to express themselves.

Avolition is a lack of motivation. A person with avolition might not take care of themselves, they might not show up for work or school, and they might not be interested in spending time with friends or family.

Cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia can range from mild to severe. They can affect a person's ability to think clearly, learn new things, and remember information. In some cases, cognitive symptoms can be so severe that they interfere with a person's ability to function independently.

Treatment for Schizophrenia

There is no cure for schizophrenia, but treatment with medication and therapy can help to manage the symptoms and improve the quality of life.

The most common medication for schizophrenia is called an antipsychotic. Antipsychotics work by blocking the effects of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that is thought to be involved in the symptoms of schizophrenia.

In addition to medication, therapy can also be helpful for people with schizophrenia. Therapy can help people to understand their illness, develop coping skills, and improve their social skills.

Living with Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia can be a challenging disorder to live with, but it is important to remember that it is a treatable condition. With the right treatment, most people with schizophrenia can live full and productive lives.

If you or someone you know is struggling with schizophrenia, it is important to seek professional help. A doctor or therapist can assess the severity of the symptoms and develop a treatment plan that is right for you.

There are also many support groups available for people with schizophrenia and their families. These groups can provide a sense of community and offer valuable resources and information.

With the right treatment and support, people with schizophrenia can live fulfilling lives. They can go to school, work, and have relationships. They can also contribute to their communities and make a difference in the world.

References

 Hooley, Jill, M. et al. Abnormal Psychology. Available from: VitalSource Bookshelf, (18th Edition).

             Pearson Education (US), 2019.

Rape and its Aftermath:

 Rape and its Aftermath:

Traditionally, rape has been classified as a sex crime, and society has assumed that a rapist is motivated by lust. However, in the 1970s some feminist scholars began to challenge this view, arguing that rape is motivated by the need to dominate, to assert power, and to humiliate a victim rather than by sexual desire for her. From the perspective of the victim, rape is always an act of violence and is certainly not a sexually pleasurable experience, whatever the rapist’s motivation.

While much of the motivation for rape may stem from a desire to dominate or humiliate others, there are many compelling reasons why sexual motivation is often, if not always, a very important factor too. The age distribution of rape victims includes a very high proportion of women in their teens and early 20s, who are generally considered the most sexually attractive. This age distribution is quite different from the distribution of other violent crimes. Furthermore, rapists usually cite sexual motivation as a very important cause of their actions.

In addition to the physical trauma inflicted on a victim, the psychological trauma of rape may be severe. A rape may lead to PTSD in a substantial number of female victims and can have a negative impact on a victim’s sexual functioning and on her marriage or other intimate relationships. Although there has been little systematic study of men who have been raped, one study revealed that nearly all experienced some long-term psychological distress following rape.

While there is a clear perpetrator in all instances of rape and sexual assault, there remains an unfortunate myth of “victim-precipitated” rape—a position often invoked by defense attorneys trying to prevent the perpetrator from being charged with rape. According to this view, a victim is regarded as the cause of the crime on such grounds as the alleged provocativeness of her clothing or her past sexual behavior. Fortunately, rape shield laws began to be introduced in the 1970s to protect rape victims.

A recent example of the complexity inherent in the legal situation of rape prosecution is that of Dominique Strauss-Kahn (DSK), who was accused by a New York City hotel worker of sexually assaulting her when she entered his hotel room to clean it. A police investigation confirmed that sexual contact had occurred, but DSK insisted that it was consensual. Subsequently, another woman came forward accusing him of raping her years earlier in France. However, the case unraveled when prosecutors learned that DSK’s accuser had lied about other matters. The charges were dropped.

In conclusion, rape is a complex issue with many factors at play. It can have significant physical and psychological consequences for its victims. It is important for society to continue to work towards preventing this crime and supporting its victims.

 References

 

 Hooley, Jill, M. et al. Abnormal Psychology. Available from: VitalSource Bookshelf, (18th Edition).                                   Pearson Education (US), 2019.

Delayed Ejaculation Disorder

 

 Delayed Ejaculation Disorder:

Delayed ejaculation disorder is a condition in which a man experiences persistent difficulty in ejaculating during intercourse. This condition is relatively rare, occurring in only about 3 to 10 percent of men. Men who are completely unable to ejaculate are even rarer. About 85 percent of men who have difficulty ejaculating during intercourse can nevertheless achieve orgasm by other means of stimulation, such as through solitary masturbation.

In some cases, delayed ejaculation can be related to specific physical problems such as multiple sclerosis or to the use of certain medications. For example, antidepressants that block serotonin reuptake can be an effective treatment for early ejaculation. However, in other men, these same medications—especially SSRIs—can sometimes delay or prevent orgasm to an unpleasant extent. These side effects are common but can sometimes be treated pharmacologically with medications like Viagra.

Psychological treatments for delayed ejaculation include couples therapy in which a man tries to get used to having orgasms through intercourse with a partner rather than via masturbation. Treatment may also emphasize the reduction of performance anxiety about the importance of having an orgasm versus sexual pleasure and intimacy. Increasing genital stimulation may also be helpful.

In conclusion, delayed ejaculation disorder is a relatively rare condition that can have significant consequences for a man's sexual satisfaction and relationship. There are several treatment options available, including pharmacological interventions and psychological therapy. If you or someone you know is experiencing this problem, it may be helpful to seek help from a qualified healthcare professional.

References

 Hooley, Jill, M. et al. Abnormal Psychology. Available from: VitalSource Bookshelf, (18th Edition).

             Pearson Education (US), 2019.

 Grief and Loss: The Normal and the Not-So-Normal

Grief is a natural and necessary process that we all go through when we lose someone we love. It is a complex emotion that can be expressed in many different ways, both physically and emotionally.

The grieving process typically follows a predictable pattern, with four distinct phases:

1. Numbing and disbelief: In the immediate aftermath of a loss, it is common to feel numb and disbelief. This is a way of coping with the overwhelming pain of loss.
2. Yearning and searching: As the numbness begins to wear off, we may start to feel an intense longing for the person we have lost. We may also experience vivid memories of them and find ourselves searching for them in familiar places.
3. Disorganization and despair: This phase is often characterized by feelings of sadness, anger, guilt, and despair. We may feel like our world has been turned upside down and we may have difficulty functioning in our daily lives.
4. Reorganization: This is the final phase of grief when we begin to rebuild our lives and find new meaning in our existence. We may still experience sadness and longing, but we will also be able to appreciate the good times we had with the person we lost and move forward with our lives.

It is important to remember that there is no right or wrong way to grieve. Everyone experiences grief differently and at their own pace. There is no set timeline for how long grief should last. Some people may start to feel better within a few months, while others may take years to fully heal.

If you are grieving the loss of a loved one, it is important to reach out for support. Talk to your friends and family, join a grief support group, or seek professional help from a therapist. There is no shame in seeking help during this difficult time.

It is also important to be patient with yourself. Grief is a process and it takes time to heal. Don't expect to feel better overnight. Just focus on taking things one day at a time and allow yourself to grieve in your own way.

Resilience in the Face of Loss

Not everyone who experiences loss develops depression. In fact, about 50 percent of people who lose a spouse, life partner, or parent exhibit genuine resilience in the face of loss, with minimal, very short-lived symptoms of depression or bereavement.

These resilient individuals are not emotionally maladjusted or unattached to their spouses. In fact, they are often very close to their loved ones and feel the loss deeply. However, they are able to cope with the loss in a healthy way. They may find comfort in their faith, their relationships with other people, or their hobbies. They may also find strength in their own inner resources.

If you are struggling to cope with the loss of a loved one, it is important to know that you are not alone. There are many people who have successfully navigated the grieving process and come out stronger on the other side. With time, support, and self-care, you can too.

References

 Hooley, J. M., Nock, M. K., & Butcher, J. N. (2019). Abnormal Psychology (18th ed.). Pearson

                 Education (US). https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/books/9780135191033

 Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia): What You Need to Know

 

Persistent depressive disorder (PDD), formerly called dysthymic disorder or dysthymia, is a mental health condition characterized by a persistent low mood that lasts for at least two years. People with PDD may also experience other symptoms, such as low energy, poor concentration, and feelings of hopelessness.

PDD is a chronic condition, but it is treatable. With the right treatment, people with PDD can learn to manage their symptoms and live full and productive lives.

What are the symptoms of PDD?

The main symptom of PDD is a persistent low mood. This mood may be described as feeling sad, down, or hopeless. People with PDD may also experience:

1. Low energy
2. Poor concentration
3. Difficulty making decisions
4. Low self-esteem
5. Feelings of hopelessness
6. Loss of interest in activities that were once enjoyable
7. Sleep disturbances (either insomnia or hypersomnia)
8. Changes in appetite (either weight loss or weight gain)
9. Fatigue
10. Aches and pains
11. Thoughts of death or suicide

How is PDD diagnosed?

PDD is diagnosed by a mental health professional. The diagnosis is based on a review of the person's symptoms and medical history. The professional will also rule out other possible causes of the symptoms, such as a medical condition or substance abuse.
What are the treatments for PDD? PDD is a treatable condition. There are a variety of treatment options available, including:

1. 
   Medication: There are a number of medications that can be effective in treating PDD. These medications typically take several weeks to start working, and they may need to be adjusted over time.
2. Therapy: Therapy can be helpful for people with PDD. There are a number of different types of therapy that can be effective, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT).
3. Lifestyle changes: Making changes to your lifestyle can also help to manage the symptoms of PDD. These changes may include getting regular exercise, eating a healthy diet, and getting enough sleep.

What is the outlook for people with PDD?

The outlook for people with PDD is good. With the right treatment, people with PDD can learn to manage their symptoms and live full and productive lives. However, PDD is a chronic condition, and there is always a risk of relapse.
If you think you may have PDD, it is important to see a mental health professional for diagnosis and treatment. With the right help, you can live a happy and fulfilling life.

References

 Hooley, J. M., Nock, M. K., & Butcher, J. N. (2019). Abnormal Psychology (18th ed.). Pearson  Education (US). https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/books/9780135191033

 The Unconscious Mind: What is it and Why is it Important? - Freud

The unconscious mind is a vast and mysterious realm of our psyche that is largely hidden from our conscious awareness. However, it plays a vital role in our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

In this blog post, we will explore the concept of the unconscious mind, discuss some of its key features, and consider its importance for our psychological health.

What is the unconscious mind?

The unconscious mind is a reservoir of thoughts, feelings, memories, and desires that are outside of our conscious awareness. It is often described as a "dark continent" of the psyche because it is so difficult to access and understand. However, the unconscious mind is not completely inaccessible. We can gain some insights into its workings through dreams, slips of the tongue, and other forms of unconscious communication. 

The unconscious mind is characterized by the following features:

1. It is largely hidden from our conscious awareness.
2. It is dynamic and constantly active.
3. It is influenced by our emotions and drives.
4. It can store memories that we have repressed or forgotten.
5. It can generate creative ideas and solutions to problems.
6. The importance of the unconscious mind

The unconscious mind plays a vital role in our psychological health. It helps us to process emotions, store memories, and make decisions. It also plays a role in our creativity and problem-solving abilities.

However, the unconscious mind can also be a source of problems. For example, unconscious conflicts can lead to anxiety and depression. Unconscious memories of trauma can cause us to relive negative experiences. And unconscious desires can lead us to make self-destructive choices.

Conclusion

The unconscious mind is a complex and fascinating realm of our psyche. It is important to understand its workings in order to achieve psychological health and well-being.

If you are struggling with unconscious conflicts or other psychological problems, it is important to seek professional help. A therapist can help you to explore your unconscious mind and develop healthy coping mechanisms.

I hope this blog post has been informative and helpful. If you have any questions, please feel free to leave a comment below.

References

 Freud, S. (1911). The Interpretation of Dreams (3rd ed.). Hayes Barton Press.         https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/books/L-999-74204

 B. The Material of Dreams — Memory in Dreams

The Hypermnesic Dream: When Dreams Reveal Knowledge That Is Not Available in the Waking State

Dreams are often said to be a reflection of our waking lives, but what happens when a dream reveals knowledge that we do not have access to in our waking state? This is the phenomenon of the hypermnesic dream, in which the dreamer is able to access memories that are otherwise inaccessible.

There are many examples of hypermnesic dreams. One famous example is the dream of the French philosopher, Alfred Maury, who dreamed that he was talking to a woman who told him that she was from Mussidan, a city in France. Maury had never heard of Mussidan before, but when he woke up, he looked it up in the encyclopedia and found that it was a real place.

Another example of a hypermnesic dream is the dream of the Marquis d'Hervey de St. Denis, who dreamed of a young woman with golden hair. In the dream, he felt like he knew her, but he couldn't remember where he had met her. When he woke up, he still couldn't remember her, but then he had the same dream again the next night. This time, the woman told him her name and where he had met her.

These are just a few examples of hypermnesic dreams. They suggest that our dreams may have access to memories that are not available to us in our waking state. This is a fascinating phenomenon that has yet to be fully explained.

There are a few theories about why hypermnesic dreams occur. One theory is that they are a way for our brains to process memories that we have suppressed or forgotten. Another theory is that they are a way for our brains to make new connections between different memories. Still, another theory is that they are a way for our brains to prepare us for future events.

Whatever the reason, hypermnesic dreams are a reminder that our dreams are not just random nonsense. They may actually be a way for our brains to communicate with us on a deeper level.

If you have ever had a hypermnesic dream, I encourage you to write it down and reflect on it. What memories did it bring up for you? What did it mean to you? By paying attention to our dreams, we can learn more about ourselves and our subconscious minds.

References

Freud, S. (1911). The Interpretation of Dreams (3rd ed.). Hayes Barton Press.                                          

             https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/books/L-999-74204

Struggling with Meth cravings?? Wanting to use it again??? 

I'm sorry to hear that you are struggling with meth cravings. Methamphetamine is a highly addictive stimulant that can cause changes in the brain's reward system and make it hard to quit. There are some ways to combat feelings that lead to meth cravings, such as: 

1. 
   - Managing stress by using coping skills like deep breathing, meditation, yoga, or listening to soothing music.
2. Exercising regularly releases natural endorphins and improves your mood and health.
3. Distracting yourself with hobbies, activities, or goals that give you a sense of purpose and fulfillment.
4. Avoiding triggers that remind you of meth use, such as certain people, places, objects, or situations
5. Eating a healthy and balanced diet to nourish your body and brain and reduce cravings for unhealthy substances.
6. Seeking professional help from a doctor, therapist, or addiction treatment program that can offer you medication, counseling, or other forms of support.
7. Joining a support group where you can share your experiences, feelings, and challenges with other people who understand what you are going through and can offer you encouragement and advice.
8. Calling a trusted person like a friend, family member, or sponsor who can listen to you and help you stay on track with your recovery.

These are some suggestions that may help you cope with meth cravings. However, everyone is different and what works for one person may not work for another. You have to find what works best for you and stick with it. Remember that you are not alone and that there is hope for recovery. You can do this! 💪

 Neurobiological Research: Understanding Loss of Control and Continued Use 

• neurobiology research also investigates the loss of control.
• defined as continued drug use despite significant adverse consequences.
• 2 frontal areas of the brain are key components of the inhibitory pathway of the brain
• 
  the pathway that allows us to control our impulses. Neuroimaging studies suggest that compulsive behavior requires dysfunction within the ACC - Anterior cingulate cortex and OFC - Orbitofrontal cortex.
• neuroimaging studies suggest that compulsive behavior as seen in both intractable addiction and OCD requires dysfunction within the two highly interconnected cortical systems  ACC and OFC
• results from neuroimaging studies examining the effects of mindfulness practices on the brain have suggested future directions for addiction treatment and brain healing.
• Corticocobasal ganglia network
• Dorsal striatum
• plays a role in executive functioning and decision making 
• experiences increased dopaminergic signaling in the presence of drug abuse
• the brain pathway that begins from the VTA to the dorsal striatum is referred to as the habit circuit
• because of its role in conditioned learning
• Anterior cingulate cortex
• orbitofrontal cortex
• Mindfulness-based relapse prevention
• targets a reduction of cravings and relapse
• shows promise as an effective modality to be used in conjunction with other types of addictions treatment
• 
  
  
  As compulsive using and drinking continue the brain sustains physical damage and becomes less capable of unlearning
• continued emphasis on brain circuitry alteration can assist counselors in improving their understanding and empathy when the addict can not " just learn to stop"
• Neuroimaging has revealed a number of additional findings related to the effects of drug and alcohol use on the brain
• cue reactivity
• the array of psychological, physiological, and behavioral effects elicited by drug-related stimuli.
• Imaging studies have identified the visual cortex as an important part of drug cue reactivity and demonstrated with remarkable consistency that substance-dependent individuals have significantly higher activity in the primary and secondary visual cortices when exposed to drug versus nondrug cue
• this finding is supportive of the hypothesis that attentional bias to drug cues may be a biomarker for addiction and has implications for the ability to predict relapse.
• Other neuroimaging studies have supported the relationship between drug cue reactivity and length and intensity of drug use, addiction severity, relapse risk, use-associated problems, and treatment outcomes and highlighted the role that individual factors play in neural reactivity to drug cues.
• Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated the effect of drugs on the brain's functioning long after substances have been eliminate from the body
• about 20 million people with alcoholism in the USA have some degree of brain damage
• highlighted imaging studies that determined relapsers showed increased atrophy in the bilateral orbitofrontal cortex and in the right medial prefrontal cortex and ACC
• Brain areas associated with error monitoring
• 
  
  
  researchers have determined that some alcoholics seem to exhibit more damage to the right hemisphere of the brain than the left hemisphere and significant brain volume shrinkage.
• cocaine dependence appears to result in a marked reduction of gray matter  in the prefrontal cortex, especially the orbitofrontal cortex
• research also suggests that depending on age the brain of the detoxified alcoholic appears as ravaged as that of a patient with Alzheimer's disease
• substantial changes have been noted in the hippocampus of youth who engage in binge drinking.
• the brain's ability to form new cells is disrupted by addiction
• new brain cells are created from the division of neural stem cells
• a process called neurogenesis
• alcohol can significantly disrupt neurogenesis
• Promising new approaches in the treatment of cocaine addiction may involve neurosurgical procedures such as deep brain stimulation.
• currently used with certain patients with Parkinson's disease
• the effect of deep brain stimulation in the subthalamic nucleus of rats has found evidence of a decrease in motivation for further cocaine
• extensive research with PET scans and other neuroimaging technology will add to the knowledge of the cause's effects and treatment of addiction
• these imaging tools are adding to the addiction specialist's treatment toolbox and may make it possible to develop biomarkers to predict disease trajectories and therapeutic outcomes that are necessary for individualized medicine and optimal patient care.
  

                                                      

  Resources

Capuzzi, D., & Stauffer, M. D. (2019). Foundations of Addictions Counseling (4th ed.). Pearson Education                  (US). https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/books/9780135169858