The History of Drug Laws in the United States

 The History of Drug Laws in the United States

The history of drug laws in the United States is a long and complex one, dating back to the late 19th century. During this time, there was growing concern about the use of drugs in patent medicines and products sold over the counter. Cocaine, opium, and morphine were common ingredients in many potions, and even Coca-Cola once contained cocaine.

In an effort to control the use of these drugs, the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was passed. This act required labels on drugs contained in products, including opium, morphine, and heroin. The Harrison Act of 1914 went even further, taxing opium and coca products with registration and record-keeping requirements.

The Controlled Substances Act of 1970 was the next major piece of legislation to address drug use. This act classified drugs according to their medical use, the potential for abuse, and the possibility of creating dependence. According to Uhl (2023), The five classes of drugs are:

1. Schedule I: Drugs with no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse
2. Schedule II: Drugs with a high potential for abuse but also a legitimate medical use
3. Schedule III: Drugs with moderate potential for abuse and a legitimate medical use
4. Schedule IV: Drugs with low potential for abuse and a legitimate medical use
5. Schedule V: Drugs with very low potential for abuse and a legitimate medical use

Since the passage of the Controlled Substances Act, there have been a number of changes to the drug laws in the United States. For example, the Controlled Substances Analogue Enforcement Act of 1986 made it illegal to manufacture or distribute drugs that are similar to controlled substances. And the Prescription Drug Abuse Prevention Act of 2010 increased penalties for drug trafficking and abuse.

The current drug laws in the United States are a complex and controversial issue. There is no easy answer to the question of how to best address drug use and addiction. However, it is important to have a clear understanding of the history of drug laws in order to make informed decisions about the future.

The War on Drugs

In the 1970s, the United States government launched a War on Drugs. This was a major initiative to reduce the illegal drug trade and drug use. The War on Drugs has been criticized for its high costs and its focus on incarceration rather than prevention and treatment.

One of the most controversial aspects of the War on Drugs has been the use of mandatory minimum sentences for drug offenses. These sentences have resulted in the incarceration of large numbers of people, many of whom are nonviolent offenders (Foundations of Addictions Counseling, n.d.).

The War on Drugs has also been criticized for its disproportionate impact on minority communities. African Americans and Latinos are more likely to be arrested and convicted of drug offenses than white Americans (Foundations of Addictions Counseling, n.d.).

The Future of Drug Laws

The future of drug laws in the United States is uncertain. There is growing support for decriminalizing or legalizing certain drugs, such as marijuana. However, there is also opposition to these changes, and it is unclear whether they will be implemented.

The debate over drug laws is likely to continue for many years to come. It is a complex issue with no easy answers. However, it is important to have a clear understanding of the history of drug laws in order to make informed decisions about the future.

In addition to the information above, here are some other things to consider when thinking about the future of drug laws in the United States:

• The rise of the opioid crisis
• The increasing availability of synthetic drugs
• The role of technology in drug trafficking
• The need for more effective prevention and treatment programs

The future of drug laws in the United States is uncertain, but it is clear that this is an issue that will continue to be debated for many years to come.

Resources

 Capuzzi, D., & Stauffer, M. D. (2019). Foundations of Addictions Counseling (4th ed.). Pearson Education (US). https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/books/9780135169858

Foundations of Addictions Counseling 1292041943, 1269374508, 9781292041940, 9781269374507. (n.d.). Dokumen.pub. Retrieved August 17, 2023, from   https://dokumen.pub/foundations-addictions-counseling-  

Uhl, G. R. (2023). Selecting the appropriate hurdles and endpoints for pentilludin, a novel antiaddiction pharmacotherapeutic targeting the receptor type protein tyrosine phosphatase D. Frontiers in                 Psychiatry, 14, 1031283. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1031283 

 The History of Addiction Counseling in the United States

Addiction counseling is a relatively new field of specialization within the counseling profession. However, the history of addiction counseling in the United States can be traced back to the early 1800s, when the first temperance movements began to emerge. These movements were aimed at reducing the consumption of alcohol, and they often involved moral persuasion and religious conversion.

In the late 1800s, the first inebriate homes were established. These were residential treatment facilities for people who were struggling with alcohol addiction. The first inebriate homes were modeled after asylums, and they often used aversive conditioning techniques to treat addiction.

In the early 1900s, the focus of addiction treatment began to shift towards a more holistic approach. This approach emphasized the importance of addressing the psychological and social factors that contribute to addiction.

In the 1930s, Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) was founded. AA is a self-help group for people who are struggling with alcohol addiction. AA is based on the 12-step model of recovery, and it has been credited with helping millions of people achieve sobriety.

In the 1960s, the field of addiction counseling began to professionalize. The first professional organizations for addiction counselors were established, and the first graduate programs in addiction counseling were developed.

Today, addiction counseling is a well-established profession. Addiction counselors work in a variety of settings, including hospitals, clinics, private practices, and prisons. They provide a variety of services, including individual and group counseling, family therapy, and case management.

The role of addiction counselors is essential in the fight against addiction. They provide hope and support to people who are struggling with addiction, and they help them to achieve sobriety and recovery.

The Role of Professional Counselors in Addiction Treatment

Professional counselors play a vital role in addiction treatment. They provide a variety of services, including:

• Individual and group counseling
• Family therapy
• Case management
• Substance abuse education
• Relapse prevention planning

Counselors help clients to understand their addiction, develop coping skills, and build a strong support network. They also work with clients to address the underlying issues that may have contributed to their addiction, such as mental health problems, trauma, or stress.

The Importance of Professional Licensure

In order to practice addiction counseling, it is important to be licensed by a state

or national board. This ensures that counselors have met certain educational and training requirements. It also ensures that counselors are held accountable for their professional conduct.

If you are struggling with addiction, it is important to seek help from a qualified professional counselor. A counselor can help you to understand your addiction, develop coping skills, and build a strong support network. With the right help, you can achieve sobriety and recovery.

Resources for Addiction Treatment

• The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA): 1-800-662-HELP (4357)
• The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA): 1-800-662-HELP (4357)
• The National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence (NCADD): 1-800-662-HELP (4357)
• The American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM): 1-888-637-2726

References

 Capuzzi, David, and Mark D. Stauffer. Foundations of Addictions Counseling. Available     from: VitalSource Bookshelf, (4th Edition). Pearson Education (US), 2019.

What are Personality Disorders?

 What are Personality Disorders?

Personality disorders are a group of mental health conditions that involve long-lasting, inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. These patterns cause significant distress or problems in a person's life, and they can make it difficult to function at work, school, or in relationships.

Personality disorders are not caused by a single event, but rather by a combination of factors, including genetics, environment, and early childhood experiences. They are often diagnosed in adolescence or early adulthood, but they can develop at any age.

Three clusters of personality disorders

The symptoms of personality disorders can vary widely, but some common signs include:

• Problems with self-image or self-esteem
• Difficulty forming and maintaining relationships
• Extreme emotional reactions
• Unrealistic or inflexible expectations of others
• Impaired impulse control
• Difficulty coping with stress

If you think you or someone you know may have a personality disorder, it is important to seek professional help. There are effective treatments available, such as psychotherapy and medication.

How are Personality Disorders Treated?

The treatment for personality disorders typically involves a combination of psychotherapy and medication. Psychotherapy can help people with personality disorders to understand their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, and to develop healthier coping mechanisms. Medication can help to manage some of the symptoms of personality disorders, such as anxiety or depression.

The specific type of psychotherapy that is most effective for personality disorders varies depending on the individual. Some common types of psychotherapy include:

• Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT): CBT helps people to identify and change their negative thoughts and behaviors.
• Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT): DBT teaches people skills to manage their emotions and relationships.
• Schema therapy: Schema therapy helps people to identify and change their core beliefs and schemas, which are negative patterns of thinking and feeling that contribute to personality disorders.
• Medication is not always necessary for the treatment of personality disorders, but it can be helpful in some cases. The specific type of medication that is prescribed will depend on the individual's symptoms.

 Some common medications used to treat personality disorders include:

• Antidepressants: Antidepressants can help to manage symptoms of anxiety and depression.
• Antipsychotics: Antipsychotics can help to manage symptoms of delusions and hallucinations.
• Mood stabilizers: Mood stabilizers can help to manage symptoms of mood swings.

Living with a Personality Disorder

Living with a personality disorder can be challenging, but it is important to remember that you are not alone. There are many people who are living with personality disorders and who are able to lead fulfilling lives.

If you have a personality disorder, it is important to seek professional help. With treatment, you can learn to manage your symptoms and live a full and productive life.

Here are some tips for living with a personality disorder:

• Educate yourself about your disorder. The more you know about your disorder, the better equipped you will be to manage it.
• Find a therapist who specializes in personality disorders. A therapist can help you to understand your disorder and develop coping mechanisms.
• Join a support group. Talking to others who have personality disorders can be helpful and supportive.
• Take care of yourself. Make sure to get enough sleep, eat healthy foods, and exercise regularly.
• Don't give up. Living with a personality disorder can be challenging, but it is important to remember that you are not alone and that there is help available.

References

Hooley, Jill, M. et al. Abnormal Psychology. Available from: VitalSource Bookshelf, (18th Edition). Pearson Education (US), 2019.

Huntington's Disease: A Degenerative Brain Disorder

 Huntington's Disease: A Degenerative Brain Disorder

Huntington's disease is a rare, inherited neurodegenerative disorder that affects about 1 in every 10,000 people. It is caused by a mutation in the Huntingtin gene, which is located on chromosome 4. This mutation leads to the production of an abnormal protein that damages brain cells.

The symptoms of Huntington's disease usually begin in midlife, between the ages of 30 and 50. The first symptoms are often subtle and may include mood changes, personality changes, and difficulty with thinking and concentration. As the disease progresses, people with Huntington's disease develop involuntary movements (chorea), cognitive decline, and dementia.

There is currently no cure for Huntington's disease. Treatment is aimed at managing the symptoms and improving the quality of life. Medications can be used to treat the chorea and other movement disorders. Physical therapy and occupational therapy can help to improve mobility and function. Speech therapy can help to improve communication.

Genetic testing is available for people who are at risk of developing Huntington's disease. This testing can be done before symptoms appear, but it is a personal decision whether or not to get tested.

If you are considering genetic testing for Huntington's disease, it is important to talk to your doctor about the risks and benefits. You should also talk to a genetic counselor, who can help you understand the results of the test and make decisions about your future. Here are some additional things to know about Huntington's disease:

• The disease is progressive, meaning that the symptoms get worse over time.
• There is no cure for Huntington's disease, but there are treatments that can help manage the symptoms.
• The disease is inherited, so people with a family history of Huntington's disease are at increased risk of developing the disease.
• The average life expectancy for people with Huntington's disease is 10 to 20 years after the onset of symptoms.

If you are concerned about Huntington's disease, talk to your doctor. They can help you assess your risk and discuss your options.

What would I do if I was in this situation?

If I was in the situation of knowing that I had a 50% chance of developing Huntington's disease, I would carefully consider whether or not to get genetic testing. There are many factors to consider, such as my age, my family history, and my personal beliefs. Ultimately, the decision of whether or not to get tested is a personal one.

If I did decide to get tested, I would want to do it with the support of a genetic counselor. A genetic counselor can help me understand the risks and benefits of testing, and they can help me make the decision that is right for me.

I would also want to be prepared for the possibility of a positive test result. If I tested positive for Huntington's disease, I would need to start planning for the future. I would need to think about how I would tell my family and friends, and I would need to make decisions about my care.

It is a difficult decision, but I believe that it is important to have all the information available to me so that I can make the best decision for myself and my family.

Resources

 Hooley, Jill, M. et al. Abnormal Psychology. Available from: VitalSource Bookshelf, (18th Edition).   Pearson Education (US), 2019.     

What is Cyclothymic Disorder?

 What is Cyclothymic Disorder?

Cyclothymic disorder is a type of mood disorder that is characterized by periods of hypomania (elevated mood) and depression. The mood swings in cyclothymic disorder are not as severe as those seen in bipolar disorder, but they can still have a significant impact on a person's life.

The symptoms of hypomania in cyclothymic disorder include:

• Increased energy and activity
• Increased talkativeness
• Racing thoughts
• Decreased need for sleep
• Increased self-esteem
• Increased distractibility
• Impulsive or risky behavior

The symptoms of depression in cyclothymic disorder include:

1. Sadness
2. Loss of interest or pleasure in activities
3. Fatigue
4. Difficulty concentrating
5. Changes in appetite or weight
6. Sleep problems
7. Thoughts of death or suicide

To be diagnosed with cyclothymic disorder, a person must experience at least two years of mood swings that meet the criteria for hypomania and depression. The mood swings must also cause significant distress or impairment in a person's life.

Cyclothymic disorder is often treated with medication and/or therapy. Medications that are used to treat cyclothymic disorder include mood stabilizers, such as lithium and lamotrigine. Therapy can help people with cyclothymic disorder learn how to manage their mood swings and improve their coping skills.

People with cyclothymic disorder are at an increased risk of developing full-blown bipolar disorder. If you are experiencing symptoms of cyclothymic disorder, it is important to see a doctor or mental health professional for diagnosis and treatment.

References

 Hooley, Jill, M. et al. Abnormal Psychology. Available from: VitalSource Bookshelf, (18th      Edition). Pearson Education (US), 2019.

Stress, Caffeine, and Hallucinations

 Stress, Caffeine, and Hallucinations

Do you feel like you're constantly under stress? Do you also drink a lot of caffeinated beverages? If so, you may be at an increased risk for auditory hallucinations.

A recent study found that people who are under a lot of stress and who also drink a lot of caffeine are more likely to report hearing things that aren't there. In the study, participants were asked to listen to white noise and report if they heard any fragments of the song "White Christmas." Those who reported high stress and high caffeine intake were more likely to report hearing the song, even though it wasn't actually there.

The researchers believe that caffeine may increase the risk of auditory hallucinations by increasing cortisol levels. Cortisol is a stress hormone that can make people more prone to hallucinations. Caffeine can also make people more susceptible to other sensory distortions, such as seeing things that aren't there.

This study is important because it suggests that caffeine and stress can interact to increase the risk of auditory hallucinations. This is especially concerning for people with schizophrenia, who are already at an increased risk for these symptoms. If you have schizophrenia, it's important to limit your caffeine intake and find ways to manage stress.

If you're not sure if you're at risk for auditory hallucinations, talk to your doctor. They can help you assess your risk and develop a treatment plan if necessary.

Here are some tips for managing stress and reducing your risk of auditory hallucinations:

• Get enough sleep.
• Eat a healthy diet.
• Exercise regularly.
• Practice relaxation techniques, such as yoga or meditation.
• Spend time in nature.
• Connect with friends and family.

Seek professional help if you're struggling to manage stress on your own.

It's important to remember that you're not alone. Millions of people experience stress and auditory hallucinations every day. With the right treatment and support, you can manage your symptoms and live a full and productive life.

References

                     Hooley, Jill, M. et al. Abnormal Psychology. Available from: VitalSource Bookshelf, (18th Edition). Pearson Education (US), 2019.

DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Schizophrenia

 DSM-5 Criteria for. . .

Schizophrenia

• A) Two (or more) of the following, each present for a significant portion of time during a 1-month period (or less if successfully treated). At least one of these must be (1), (2), or (3):

1. Delusions.
2. Hallucinations.
3. Disorganized speech (e.g., frequent derailment or incoherence).
4. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior.
5. Negative symptoms (i.e., diminished emotional expression or avolition).

• B) For a significant portion of the time since the onset of the disturbance, the level of functioning in one or more major areas, such as work, interpersonal relations, or self-care, is markedly below the level achieved prior to the onset (or when the onset is in childhood or adolescence, there is failure to achieve the expected level of interpersonal, academic, or occupational functioning).
• C) Continuous signs of the disturbance persist for at least 6 months. This 6-month period must include at least 1 month of symptoms (or less if successfully treated) that meet Criterion A (i.e., active-phase symptoms) and may include periods of prodromal or residual symptoms. During these prodromal or residual periods, the signs of the disturbance may be manifested by only negative symptoms or by two or more symptoms listed in Criterion A present in an attenuated form (e.g., odd beliefs, unusual perceptual experiences).
  
• D) Schizoaffective disorder and depressive or bipolar disorder with psychotic features have been ruled out because either (1) no major depressive or manic episodes have occurred concurrently with the active-phase symptoms, or (2) if mood episodes have occurred during active-phase symptoms, they have been present for a minority of the total duration of the active and residual periods of the illness.
• E) The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or another medical condition.
• F) If there is a history of autism spectrum disorder or a communication disorder of childhood onset, the additional diagnosis of schizophrenia is made only if prominent delusions or hallucinations, in addition to the other required symptoms of schizophrenia, are also present for at least 1 month (or less if successfully treated).

References

Hooley, Jill, M. et al. Abnormal Psychology. Available from: VitalSource Bookshelf, (18th Edition).

             Pearson Education (US), 2019.