Tiny Gut Tenants, Big Impact on Mood: Rat Studies Open Doors for Probiotic Treatments in Depression

Probiotics to the Rescue: Rebalancing the Gut for a Balanced Mood

The good news is that research is exploring ways to improve gut health to potentially alleviate depression. Probiotics, live bacteria that offer health benefits, have shown promise in this area. Studies using specific probiotic strains in stressed rats have yielded positive results (Dziedzic et al., 2024):

1. Reduced Anxiety and Depression: Probiotic strains like Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and
   
   
   
   Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0011 were shown to reduce anxiety and depression-like behaviors in stressed rats. These studies suggest that specific probiotics may help dampen down anxiety and depression symptoms.
2. Reversed Behavioral Deficits and Improved Brain Chemistry: Bifidobacterium infantis 35,624, another probiotic strain, helped reverse behavioral deficits and restore brain chemical balance in maternally separated rats . This finding suggests that probiotics might not only improve mood but also help restore normal brain function in individuals experiencing depression. 
3. Combating Stress Hormones and Inflammation: Faecalibacterium prausnitzii ATCC 27766 increased anti-inflammatory markers and reduced stress hormones in stressed rats, suggesting its potential to combat stress and improve mood [123]. This indicates that probiotics reduce inflammation in the gut, calming the stress response and improving mood.

Looking Forward: Personalized Probiotics for Mental Health

These studies in rats offer a glimpse into the exciting possibilities of using probiotics to manage depression. The future might involve personalized approaches where doctors analyze an individual's gut microbiome and recommend specific probiotic strains to target their unique needs. Imagine a future where a simple gut analysis can help tailor probiotic treatment to combat depression effectively!

Important Note:

This blog post is for informational purposes only and should not be taken as medical advice. If you are struggling with depression, please consult with a healthcare professional.

A Ray of Hope for Mental Wellness: Probiotics as a Potential New Weapon Against Depression

While research on the gut-brain connection and depression is in its early stages, the findings from rat studies are encouraging. Probiotics show promise as a potential approach for managing depression alongside traditional therapies. This exciting area of research opens doors for the development of innovative gut-based therapies, offering a new perspective on mental health. With more research, probiotics could become a valuable tool in the fight against depression, offering a ray of hope for improved mental wellness.

 References

1. Dziedzic, Angela & Maciak, Karina & Bliźniewska-Kowalska, Katarzyna & Gałecka, Małgorzata & Kobierecka, Weronika & Saluk, Joanna. (2024). The Power of Psychobiotics in Depression: A Modern Approach through the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: A Literature Review. Nutrients. 16. 1054. 10.3390/nu16071054. 

The Gut-Brain Connection: How Psychobiotics and Diet Can Help Fight Depression

 Depression is a widespread condition affecting millions globally. While effective treatments exist, some people seek alternative or complementary approaches.  Recent research explores the exciting potential of psychobiotics and healthy dietary patterns to combat depression.

The Gut-Brain Link

 Dziedzic and colleagues (2024) refresh us on the gu
t-brain link:

1. Our gut houses trillions of bacteria, forming the gut microbiome, which is crucial f
   or digestion and immune function. 
2. Emerging research reveals a strong connection between the gut microbiome and the brain, termed the gut-brain axis.  Studies suggest imbalances in the gut microbiome, called dysbiosis, might be linked to mental health issues like depression, and this is where psychobiotics come in.

What are Psychobiotics?

Psychobiotics are specific live bacteria strains believed to offer mental health benefits. By influencing the gut microbiome and its communication with the brain, psychobiotics may improve mood and alleviate symptoms of depression. (Dziedzic, et al, 2024)

How Psychobiotics Might Work

The exact mechanisms are under exploration, but here are some potential pathways (Dziedzic et al., 2024):

1. Strengthening the Gut Barrier: A healthy gut lining acts as a barrier, preventing harmful substances from entering the bloodstream. Psychobiotics may help reinforce this barrier, reducing inflammation and improving gut-brain communication.
2. Modulating the Immune Response: The gut houses a large part of the immune system. Psychobiotics may help regulate the immune response, potentially reducing inflammation linked to depression.
3. Neurotransmitter Production: Neurotransmitters like serotonin play a vital role in mood regulation. Some studies suggest psychobiotics influence the production of these chemicals, impacting mood and well-being.
4. Lowering Stress Hormones: Chronic stress can contribute to depression. Psychobiotics may help modulate the stress response system, lowering cortisol levels and promoting feelings of calm.

The Power of a Healthy Diet

In addition to psychobiotics, a healthy diet plays a significant role in gut health and, potentially, mental well-being. Diets rich in fiber, fruits, vegetables, and whole grains promote beneficial gut bacteria growth. Conversely, diets high in processed foods, sugar, and unhealthy fats may contribute to dysbiosis.

Promising Research on Psychobiotics and Diet

Research on psychobiotics and diet for depression is ongoing, but the results are promising. Studies suggest a potential benefit, particularly for individuals with treatment-resistant depression.

The Future of Gut-Based Therapies

The field of psychobiotics and dietary interventions for mental health is rapidly evolving. Research is ongoing to explore the most effective strains, treatment protocols, and nutritional recommendations. While psychobiotics and a healthy diet hold promise as complementary therapies, they are not replacements for traditional treatments like medication and therapy.

If you are struggling with depression, it's crucial to speak to a healthcare professional to explore the best treatment options for you.  This blog post provides an overview of this exciting area of research, offering a ray of hope for the future of mental health treatment.

 References

1. Dziedzic, Angela & Maciak, Karina & Bliźniewska-Kowalska, Katarzyna & Gałecka, Małgorzata & Kobierecka, Weronika & Saluk, Joanna. (2024). The Power of Psychobiotics in Depression: A Modern Approach through the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: A Literature Review. Nutrients. 16. 1054. 10.3390/nu16071054. 

Your Gut Bacteria: The Secret Weapon Against Depression?

Your Gut Bacteria: The Secret Weapon Against Depression?

Did you know your gut might be the key to a healthier, happier you? Recent research suggests the trillions of bacteria residing in your intestines, collectively known as the gut microbiome, play a crucial role in digestion and mental well-being. Let's delve into the fascinating world of gut bacteria and their surprising influence on our mood, particularly depression.

The Tryptophan Connection: Building Blocks of Happiness

One way gut bacteria impact mood is through their influence on a tryptophan molecule, according to Dziedzic and colleagues (2024):

1.  This amino acid is a precursor to serotonin, a neurotransmitter often called the "feel-good chemical."
2.  Studies have identified specific bacterial strains, like Lactobacillus helveticus and Bifidobacterium longum, that can increase serotonin production. 
3. These "psychobiotic" strains might explain why some people experience improved mood after consuming fermented foods like yogurt, which are rich in such bacteria.

The Gut-Brain Axis: A Two-Way Street

The story doesn't end there, and Dziedzic and colleagues (2024) inform us that:

1. The gut and brain are intricately connected through the gut-brain axis (GBA) network. 
2. Through this two-way highway, gut bacteria can send signals to the brain, influencing the production and regulation of various neurotransmitters, including serotonin, dopamine, GABA, and acetylcholine.
3.  For instance, some gut bacteria can directly produce GABA, a neurotransmitter known for its calming effects. This gut-produced GABA might influence gut motility but could also impact brain function through the GBA. 
4. 
   Additionally, specific bacteria have been shown to affect the production of dopamine, a neurotransmitter associated with motivation and reward.

The Inflammation Connection: A Missing Piece of the Puzzle

Interestingly, research suggests a link between inflammation in the body and the development of depression, and according to Dziedzic and colleagues (2024), this could be another puzzle connecting gut health and mental well-being:

1.  An unhealthy gut microbiome with an imbalance of bacteria can contribute to chronic inflammation. 
2. 
   This inflammation, in turn, might negatively affect the production of beneficial neurotransmitters, potentially leading to depression symptoms.

Beyond Serotonin: A Symphony of Neurotransmitters

The gut's influence extends beyond serotonin. Bacteria can also impact the production of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter involved in memory and learning (Dziedzic et al., 2024). This opens doors to exciting possibilities, as future research might explore how the gut microbiome influences cognitive function and mental clarity.

The Future of Gut Health and Mental Wellness

While science is still evolving, the connection between gut bacteria, neurotransmitters, and mental health is groundbreaking. By understanding how gut bacteria influence the GBA, researchers might unlock new avenues for managing depression and other mental health conditions. This could involve using prebiotics and probiotics to promote the growth of beneficial bacteria strains that support the production of mood-boosting neurotransmitters. Imagine a future where a personalized gut health plan could be part of a comprehensive approach to mental well-being!

What You Can Do to Support Your Gut Health

While more research is needed, fostering a healthy gut microbiome through a fiber-rich diet could be an excellent first step toward promoting positive mental well-being. Focus on incorporating plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains into your diet, as these are excellent sources of prebiotics – the food that nourishes your gut bacteria. Additionally, fermented foods might be helpful as they introduce beneficial probiotic bacteria directly into your gut. Taking care of your gut health might just be an essential step towards taking care of your mood! Remember, a happy gut can lead to a happier you.

 References

1. Dziedzic, Angela & Maciak, Karina & Bliźniewska-Kowalska, Katarzyna & Gałecka, Małgorzata & Kobierecka, Weronika & Saluk, Joanna. (2024). The Power of Psychobiotics in Depression: A Modern Approach through the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: A Literature Review. Nutrients. 16. 1054. 10.3390/nu16071054. 

Gut Bacteria's Happy Chemicals: How Short-Chain Fatty Acids Might Fight Depression

 

Ever heard of a gut feeling? There might be more to that saying than you think. Recent research suggests tiny residents in your intestines – gut bacteria – might be churning out chemicals that influence your mood and even fight depression. These champion chemicals are called short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and they're produced by specific types of gut bacteria as they feast on dietary fiber. But how exactly do these microbial meals translate to mental well-being?

From Gut to Brain: The Power of SCFAs

Imagine a direct line connecting your gut to your brain; according to Dziedzic and colleagues (2024), that's the potential role of SCFAs:

1.  They seem to travel through this "gut-brain axis," interacting with receptors in your brain and potentially influencing emotional states and cognition. 
2. Some researchers even believe they might cross the blood-brain barrier, allowing for a deeper dialogue between your gut and mind. 
3. 
   This fascinating link between the trillions of microbes in your gut and your mental health is a testament to the body's intricate interconnectedness.

The Gut Bugs Behind the Scenes

Dziedzic and colleagues (2024) tell us that not all gut bacteria are created equal:

1. Some, like Bacteroidetes and specific members of the Firmicutes phylum, are exceptionally skilled at producing beneficial SCFAs. 
   
2. Think of them as tiny chefs whipping up mood-boosting ingredients! These "good" bacteria cook up a variety of SCFAs, each with its potential benefits.
3.  Butyrate, for instance, strengthens your gut barrier and keeps inflammation in check. 
4. Meanwhile, propionate might contribute to producing feel-good chemicals like serotonin and GABA, neurotransmitters known for their role in mood regulation.

Beyond the Gut: The Widespread Impact of SCFAs

SCFAs aren't just about mood, and according to Dziedzic and colleagues (2024), they wear many hats:

1.  Influencing everything from appetite regulation to keeping your intestines healthy. They even have the potential to impact how your body uses energy! 
2. For instance, SCFAs can signal to your brain that you're feeling full, helping to regulate appetite and potentially reducing cravings.
3.  Additionally, they play a crucial role in maintaining a solid gut barrier, the frontline defense against harmful toxins and pathogens. A leaky gut barrier has been linked to various health problems, including inflammation, which can indirectly affect brain function.

The Future of Gut Health and Mental Wellness

The science of gut-brain connection is still unfolding, but the role of SCFAs is a fascinating piece of the puzzle. By understanding how these gut-produced chemicals interact with our brains, we might unlock new strategies for managing depression and other mental health conditions. Researchers are actively investigating the potential of using prebiotics and probiotics to promote the growth of beneficial SCFA-producing bacteria. So, what can you do? While more research is needed, supporting a healthy gut microbiome through a fiber-rich diet could be an excellent first step toward promoting positive mental well-being.  Consider incorporating plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains into your diet, as these are excellent sources of prebiotics, the food that nourishes your gut bacteria. Additionally, fermented foods like yogurt, kimchi, and kombucha may help introduce beneficial probiotic bacteria directly into your gut. Remember, taking care of your gut might just be taking care of your mood!

References

1. Dziedzic, Angela & Maciak, Karina & Bliźniewska-Kowalska, Katarzyna & Gałecka, Małgorzata & Kobierecka, Weronika & Saluk, Joanna. (2024). The Power of Psychobiotics in Depression: A Modern Approach through the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: A Literature Review. Nutrients. 16. 1054. 10.3390/nu16071054. 

Happiness from the Inside Out? The Science Behind Gut Health and Depression

 Gut Bacteria: The Unexpected Ally in Your Fight Against Depression?

Feeling down? Your gut bacteria might have something to say about it. Recent research suggests a fascinating link between the trillions of microbes residing in our intestines and our mental well-being, particularly depression.

The Gut Microbiome: A Chemical Powerhouse

Imagine a bustling metropolis within your gut. This unseen world, teeming with microscopic residents called gut bacteria, is far from passive. These tiny organisms churn out various chemical messengers known as metabolites.

The Gut-Brain Axis: A Two-Way Street

The intrigue deepens when we discover these metabolites aren't confined to the gut. They play a role in a complex communication network, potentially influencing brain function through the gut-brain axis (GBA). This two-way highway allows for a fascinating dialogue between your gut and your brain. (Dziedzic, et al, 2024)

The Chemistry of Mood: How Gut Bacteria Might Impact Depression

Dziedzic and colleagues (2024) have observed a compelling association between specific changes in these metabolites and the onset or progression of depression.:

1. This suggests that the composition of our gut bacteria, a constantly evolving ecosystem, may significantly shape our mental well-being. 
2. The impact of these metabolites on brain health appears multifaceted. They influence the maturation of the immune and neuroendocrine systems, both crucial for emotional regulation.
3.  Additionally, they may play a role in managing nutrient metabolism and protecting the integrity of the gut barrier. A compromised gut barrier can indirectly affect brain function by allowing the passage of harmful toxins and pathogens into the bloodstream.

Unlocking the Potential: Can We Leverage Gut Health for Mental Wellness?

While pinpointing the exact influence of these metabolites on the brain remains a complex task, the ongoing exploration of the gut-brain connection is exciting (Dziedzic,

2024). It sheds light on the potential role of gut health in maintaining a healthy mind. This area of research could lead to groundbreaking discoveries in managing depression and other neurological disorders. In the future, we might see interventions targeting the gut microbiome as a novel approach to mental health.

Food for Thought (Literally!)

While science is still evolving, this research offers a glimpse into the fascinating world within us. Taking care of your gut health through a balanced diet rich in prebiotics and probiotics might be more important for your mental well-being than ever imagined!

References

1. Dziedzic, Angela & Maciak, Karina & Bliźniewska-Kowalska, Katarzyna & Gałecka, Małgorzata & Kobierecka, Weronika & Saluk, Joanna. (2024). The Power of Psychobiotics in Depression: A Modern Approach through the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: A Literature Review. Nutrients. 16. 1054. 10.3390/nu16071054. 

Beyond a Shadow of a Doubt? Unveiling the Flaws of Eyewitness Memory

 Eyewitness Testimony: Why Our Memories Can Put Innocent People Behind Bars 

We witness a crime, and our memory feels crystal clear. After all, we saw it happen. However, research paints a different picture. Eyewitness testimony, often valued in the justice system, can be surprisingly unreliable, especially under the pressure of a crime scene (Goldstein, 2019). 

The High Cost of Inaccurate Memories 

Studies reveal an alarming rate of misidentification. Goldstein (2019) highlights: 

1. DNA exonerations reveal that 75% of wrongful convictions stemmed from mistaken eyewitness IDs. 
2. Every day in the US, 300 people face criminal charges based on eyewitness accounts, which can have devastating consequences, as exemplified by David Webb’s 10-month wrongful imprisonment. 

Why Do Our Memories Betray US? 

Goldstein (2019) gives us three reasons why eyewitness memories have the potential to betray: 

1. Misinterpretations of the mind 
2. False Recognition from Familiarity 
3. Memory distortion from suggestive influences 

To understand why these misinterpretations occur, let’s delve into the fascinating world of cognitive psychology and explore some theories that shed light on these everyday human experiences. 

 Misinterpretations of the Mind 

Even focused attention during a crime can lead to misidentification. Perception and memory interact fascinatingly, causing surprising distortions in eyewitness reports. Goldstein (2019) identifies two reasons

1. Emotional Surge: Strong emotions narrow focus to immediate threats, like a weapon diverting attention from other crucial details. 
2. Stressful Encoding: The stress of a crime hinders accurate encoding and recall of faces. 

In short, eyewitness accounts deserve scrutiny. Our brains prioritize immediate threats, which can come at the expense of accurate memory formation. 

False Recognition from Familiarity 

You’re a train station agent, witnessing a robbery and later picking out the culprit from a lineup. But what if it’s a familiar customer you’ve misidentified simply because they seemed recognizable? This real-life scenario highlights how familiarity can warp eyewitness testimony. Goldstein (2019) explains this through “source monitoring errors”: our brains excel at making connections, a valuable skill for navigating the world. However, these connections can malfunction in the high-pressure situation of a crime. The stress and pre-existing associations in your brain can lead to mistaken identification with severe consequences. This is just another reason why eyewitness accounts need scrutiny.

Memory Distortion from Suggestive Influences 

Goldstein (2019) calls this the “misinformation effect,” where suggestive questioning and even subtler influences from police can plant false details in a witness’s memory. So, on top of everything else, memories can become more susceptible to suggestions during questioning. One problem is that when the witness views a police lineup, the reality is that the criminal may or may not be in the lineup, and often, the witness comes under the influence of suggestive questioning because they feel they must make an identification.  

Can Technology Fix Our Memory Problem? 

Taylor and Dando (2018) explored using virtual environments for eyewitness interviews. They hypothesized that face-to-face interviews could stress witnesses, leading to memory inaccuracies. Their study involved 38 participants (18-28 years old, mostly female) who watched a staged car theft video and were interviewed 48 hours later. One group had a face-to-face interview, while the other used avatars in a virtual environment. The researchers found that participants in the avatar interviews exhibited better episodic memory. They recalled more details accurately, made fewer errors, and were likelier to admit when they didn’t remember something. The researchers found that participants in the avatar interviews exhibited better episodic memory. They recalled more details accurately, made fewer errors, and were likelier to admit when they didn’t remember something. The researchers suggest avatars reduced stress and freed up cognitive resources by eliminating social cues from the interviewer’s presence. However, the study acknowledged limitations: a small sample size, use of a staged crime (real-world crimes are more complex), and limited exploration of VR immersive capabilities.

Additionally, the study only assessed short-term memory. Long-term recall needs investigation. Ma and colleagues (2022) also investigated improving eyewitness memory, focusing on immediate recall and retrieval a week later. They recruited 111 psychology students (mostly female, 18-45 years old). They used a two-factor design: immediate recall method (free recall vs. I Witness app) and retrieval technique (timeline aid, category clustering, or free recall). Their findings showed the I Witness app led to more complete and accurate recall than free recall. They concluded that high-quality immediate recall tools could enhance initial eyewitness accounts. However, limitations included a student-heavy sample (limited generalizability), potential researcher bias (not blinded to conditions), and the typing method difference (free recall vs app) potentially affecting results.

The Takeaway 

In conclusion, eyewitness accounts may feel reliable but can lead to wrongful convictions. New technologies like virtual environments and memory retrieval apps promise to improve eyewitness memory, but further research is needed. However, we must all understand that our brains prioritize survival over perfect memory, so even the most confident witness testimony should be treated cautiously. 

 

References 

1. Goldstein, ​B. (2019). Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and​ ​Everyday Experience (5th ed.) [Review of Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind,​ ​Research, and Everyday Experience]. Cengage​. 
2. ​​Ma, J., Paterson, H. M., & Temler, M​​. (2022). ​​The effects of immediate recall and​​ ​​subsequent retrieval strategy on eyewitness memory. Psychiatry, Psychology, and​​ ​​Law, 29(5), 788-805. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2021.1976303​ 
3. ​​Taylor, D. A., & Dando, C. J. (2018). Eyewitness Memory in Face-to-Face and​​ ​​Immersive Avatar-to-Avatar Contexts. Frontiers in psychology, 9​​, 507. ​​https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00507​​ 

Teens and Social Media: A Balancing Act in the Digital Age

Social media has woven itself into the fabric of teenage life. It's a constant companion, offering a window to the world, a platform for self-expression, and a connection to friends and communities. But like any powerful tool, social media comes with a responsibility to use it wisely. This post delves into the complex relationship between teens and social media, exploring the upsides and the potential downsides.

The Allure of Connection and Identity

Social media offers a crucial lifeline for teenagers navigating a world of social change and self-discovery. It bridges geographical distances, allowing teens to connect with friends and family who might live far away. It fosters a sense of belonging by connecting them with communities with similar interests, providing a safe space for acceptance and validation during a crucial time in their development. Social media platforms also become a launchpad for self-expression. Teens can experiment with their online persona, explore their passions, and share creative work – from photography and art to music and writing. This exploration of identity can be a valuable tool for self-discovery.

Learning and Expanding Horizons Beyond the Classroom

The informative potential of social media should be noticed (Zhang 2024):

• Teens can leverage these platforms to stay updated on current events, following news sources and journalists they trust. 
• They can access educational content tailored to their interests, perhaps delving deeper into a subject that sparked their curiosity in school. 
• Social media can also be a window into diverse cultures and trends, fostering a global perspective and a sense of interconnectedness. 
• 
  
  
  Additionally, some platforms can nurture creativity by allowing teens to share their work and receive feedback from a wider audience. This exchange of ideas can inspire them to grow and refine their skills.

The Shadow Side: When Comparison Breeds Discontent

However, the curated perfection displayed on social media can be a double-edged sword. Constantly comparing oneself to seemingly perfect online personas can negatively impact a teenager's self-esteem. The carefully crafted highlight reels of others can fuel feelings of inadequacy, envy, and dissatisfaction with one's life. This social comparison trap can morph into anxiety, depression, and a sense of social isolation, all impacting one's overall mental well-being.

Addiction and the Erosion of Real-Life Connections

Social media platforms themselves can be addictive by design. Features like instant likes, comments, and notifications trigger the reward centers in the brain, creating a cycle of craving and gratification that can be difficult to break. Excessive social media use can lead to neglecting real-life relationships and responsibilities. Meaningful face-to-face interactions with friends and family and participation in activities like sports or hobbies get sacrificed for the allure of the virtual world. This social withdrawal can further exacerbate feelings of isolation and loneliness, creating a vicious cycle.

Building a Healthy Relationship with Social Media: A Collaborative Effort

The good news is that there are ways to combat social media addiction and promote healthy online habits for teens. Parents can set positive examples by demonstrating mindful social media use and encouraging alternative activities like sports or hobbies that foster real-world connections and a sense of accomplishment. Open communication about online experiences and potential pitfalls is essential. Parents can be a sounding board for teens to navigate the complexities of the online world. (Zhang 2024)

Schools can contribute by offering a variety of extracurricular activities and fostering a sense of community where students can develop strong social connections beyond the virtual realm. Additionally, integrating media literacy and responsible social media use into the curriculum can empower teenagers to make informed choices about their online presence.  Teens can learn to critically evaluate the information they consume online and develop healthy boundaries for their social media use (Zhang 2024).

Public awareness campaigns can play a vital role in educating society about the potential dangers of social media addiction. We can create a more supportive environment by encouraging all stakeholders – parents, educators, and teens – to take responsibility for promoting healthy online habits. Open communication and fostering a sense of community, both online and offline, are key.

The Road Ahead: Continuous Research and Collaboration

The relationship between teens and social media is complex and ever-evolving. As the study mentioned, further research is needed to understand these dynamics fully. Collaboration across different sectors – families, schools, mental health professionals, and social media platforms –  is crucial. We can develop effective strategies to promote healthy online experiences for the upcoming generation by working together. Social media can be a powerful tool for connection, creativity, and learning, but it's essential to be mindful of the benefits and drawbacks. Let's work together to create a safe and positive online environment where teens can thrive.

References

1.  Zhang, Wanting. (2024). An Analysis of Social Media Addiction in Adolescents. Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media. 52. 87-91. 10.54254/2753-7048/52/20241537.