TM

 What?

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

TMS is a noninvasive method of stimulating the brain by using magnetic pulses for therapeutic purposes. Researchers are studying this approach, but this usually only works in very early stages.  (Abuse, 2019)

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Vaccines and antibodies

Methamphetamine vaccines

Which recruits the body's immune system to keep the drug from entering the brain, is currently being tested in animals, and a human clinical trial is currently underway to test an immunologic agent called a monoclonal antibody, which binds to methamphetamine and neutralizes it before it can exert its effects.b

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 Neurofeedback

This is a type of biofeedback that uses real-time displays of brain activity commonly electroencephalography- to teach people how to regulate their own brain function.

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References

 Abuse, N. I. on D. (2019). What treatments are under development for methamphetamine use and addiction? National Institute on Drug Abuse. https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/methamphetamine/what-treatments-are-under-development-methamphetamine-use-addiction

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Gestalt 🖼️

 

Gestalt psychology and Gestalt therapy: A holistic approach to human experience

Behaviorism has been a dominant force in Western psychology for many decades, but there has always been a counter-current of interest in the subjective element of human experience. Gestalt psychology, developed by European psychologists such as Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler, and Kurt Koffka, is one of the most important schools of thought in this tradition.

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Gestalt psychology challenges the traditional view of the mind as a builder that collects and assembles individual elements of experience. Instead, Gestalt psychologists argue that our experience is organized into integrated and constant patterns or wholes. This holistic approach has had a significant impact on both personality psychology and clinical psychology.

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Personality Psychology🪟🪟🪟🪟🪟🪟

1. Gestalt theory has led to a new understanding of the self as a coherent system rather than a collection of separate parts. This has helped us to understand how our needs, hopes, strengths, and weaknesses interact to shape our overall sense of self.( Shiraev 2016).

In personality psychology, Gestalt theory has led to a new understanding of the self as a coherent.

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🪟🪟🪟🪟🪟🪟 Clinical psychology

Gestalt therapy has emerged as a popular approach to psychotherapy. Gestalt therapy is based on the idea that psychological problems arise when the structure of our experience is disrupted. Gestalt therapists help clients to become more aware of their present-moment experience and to identify the unfinished business that may be causing them distress .( Shiraev 2016).

• One of the key features of Gestalt therapy is its emphasis on the here and now. Gestalt therapists believe that the past can only be understood and changed in the context of the present. They also believe that it is important to embrace our immediate experiences, both positive and negative.

• Gestalt therapy has been shown to be effective in treating a wide range of psychological problems, including anxiety, depression, relationship problems, and eating disorders. It is a particularly helpful approach for people who are struggling to come to terms with change or loss.

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Here are some of the key principles of Gestalt psychology and Gestalt therapy:

1. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. This means that our experience is organized into integrated patterns, not just collections of separate elements.
2. We are constantly interacting with our environment. Gestalt psychology emphasizes the importance of the relationship between the individual and their environment.
3. Our experience is organized in the present moment. Gestalt therapy focuses on helping clients to become more aware of their present-moment experience and to identify the unfinished business that may be causing them distress.
4. We are responsible for our own choices. Gestalt therapy emphasizes the importance of personal responsibility and empowerment.

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References

 Shiraev, E. (2016). Personality Theories: A Global View. SAGE Publications, Inc. (US).                    https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/books/9781506300795

Anatomy

 Of A Relapse

• Addiction recovery is a difficult process, and relapse is common. However, there are ways to prevent relapse, such as therapy, medication, and monitoring. It is important to identify the early signs of resapse so that you can intervene and prevent the final step of relapse which is consumption.

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Relapse is a gradual provess, not a sudden event. Some relapse prevention programs identify stages of relapse (Guenzel & McChargue, 2019):  

1. emotional relapse
2. mental relapse
3. physical relapse

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Emotional relapse is a stage of addiction recovery where a person is not consciously planning to relapse, but their emotions and behaviors are making it more likely. Guenzel and McChargue (2019) give some signs of emotional relapse:

• Isolation
• Not attending or participating in support groups
• Focusing on other people's problems
• Poor sleeping or eating habits.

Your goals during this stage according to Guenzel and McChargue (2019):

1. Self care
1. excercise
2. eat healthy
3. get sleep
4. spend time with loved ones
5. engage in activities that you enjoy
   
2. Recognize your denial

 

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 Mental

 This is a stage of addiction recovery where a person is consciously struggling with the desire to resume using their substance of abuse

Signs of mental relapse according to  Guenzel and McChargue (2019):

1. Craving the substance
   
2. Thinking about people, places, or things associated with past use
3. Exaggerating the positive aspects of past use or minimizing the consequences
4. Lying, bargaining, or trying to plan ways to use while still maintaining control.
5. Seeking opportunities to relapse
6. Planning a relapse

 

It is important to note that mental relapse does not mean that a person has relapsed. It is a stage of recovery where a person is struggling with the desire to use, but they have not yet acted on that desire. If you or someone you know is in mental relapse, it is important to seek professional help. A therapist can help you develop coping mechanisms and prevent a physical relapse.

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The final stage of relapse is when a person starts using drugs or alcohol again. Some people call this a "relapse" and others call it a "lapse." But it's important to remember that even a single use can lead to more use, so it's important to be aware of the risks and take steps to avoid them.

Many relapses happen when people think they can get away with it. That's why it's important for people in early recovery to learn how to recognize and avoid high-risk situations.

 

Here are some tips for preventing physical relapse (Guenzel & McChargue, 2019): 

• Identify your high-risk situations and develop strategies for avoiding them.
• Build a strong support network of people who can help you stay sober.
• Seek professional help if you need it.

There are many different relapse prevention strategies available, such as therapy, medication, and support groups. Find what works best for you and stick with it.

References

 Guenzel, N., & McChargue, D. (2019, December 8). Addiction Relapse Prevention. Nih.gov; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551500/

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IV DRUGS

 

And Your Veins

The anatomy of a vein

Veins have three layers (Cleveland Clinic, 2022): 

1. Tunica Adventitia - The outer layer that gives structure and shape to your vein.
2. Tunica Media -  The middle layer contains smooth muscle cells that allow the vein to get wider or narrower, facilitating blood flow.
3. Tunica Intima—This layer comprises a thin layer of smooth and slippery endothelial cells, facilitating blood flow.

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The tunica intima is the thinnest layer, and it protects the blood from coming in contact with underlying tissues.

IV drugs can affect the tunica intima in a number of ways. Some IV drugs can directly damage the endothelial cells of the tunica intima, leading to inflammation and narrowing of the vein. Other IV drugs can increase the risk of blood clots, which can damage the tunica intima and lead to vein occlusion.(Tunica Intima - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics, n.d.)

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Here are some specific examples of how IV drugs can affect the tunica intima:

• Cocaine: Cocaine can cause vasoconstriction, which narrows the veins and can damage the tunica intima. Cocaine can also cause inflammation and injury to the endothelial cells of the tunica intima.
• Heroin: Heroin can cause vasoconstriction and inflammation of the tunica intima. Heroin can also increase the risk of blood clots, which can damage the tunica intima and lead to vein occlusion.
• Methamphetamine: Methamphetamine can cause vasoconstriction, inflammation, and injury to the endothelial cells of the tunica intima. Methamphetamine can also increase the risk of blood clots, which can damage the tunica intima and lead to vein occlusion.

1. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT): DVT is a blood clot that forms in a deep vein, usually in the leg. DVT can be life-threatening if the blood clot breaks off and travels to the lungs.
2. Pulmonary embolism (PE): A PE is a blood clot that travels to the lungs and blocks a blood vessel. PE can be fatal.
3. Venous insufficiency: Venous insufficiency is a condition in which the veins are unable to effectively return blood to the heart. This can lead to swelling, pain, and skin changes in the legs.

Any breach in the tunica intima can activate your clotting factors which contribute to the beginning of the above situation.

If you are using IV drugs, it is crucial to be aware of the potential risks to your vein health. If you have any concerns, please talk to your doctor.

Intravenous (IV) drug use can strip a vein by damaging the inner lining of the vein and causing it to collapse. This can happen in several ways:

1. Irritation: The chemicals in IV drugs can irritate the vein's inner lining, causing it to become inflamed and swollen. This swelling can narrow or even block the vein.
2. Scarring: Over time, repeated injections can cause the inner lining of the vein to scar. This scarring can make the vein more prone to collapse.
3. Infection: IV drug users are at an increased risk of developing infections, including hepatitis B and C. These infections can damage the veins and make them more likely to collapse.

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 There are a number of things you can do to reduce the risk of vein damage from IV drug use:

1. Use a clean needle and syringe for every injection.
2. Don't share needles or other injection equipment with anyone.
3. Rotate injection sites to prevent damage to the same vein.
   
4. Clean the injection site with soap and water before injecting.
5. Inject slowly and carefully.

If you miss a vein, don't try to inject again in the same spot.

Seek medical attention if you experience any problems with your veins, such as pain, swelling, or redness.

References

Cleveland Clinic. (2022, June 19). Veins: Anatomy and Function. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/23360-veins

 

 Tunica Intima - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). Www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved October 11, 2023, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/tunica-intima#:~:text=An%20intact%20endothelial%20layer%20is%20critical%20for

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