Anna Freud

Sigmund Freud's youngest daughter, Anna Freud, was born in Vienna. " At the age of 15, she was reading her father's articles and books (Shiraev, 2016). She trained in Germany to work as a teacher and in 1938 she along with her family escaped persecution by the Nazis and migrated from Austria to London. 

🥏She started the Anna Freud Centre a child therapy clinic. 

🥏She was awarded the Decoration of Honor for Services to the Republic of Austria.

🥏She emphasized that children could not explain their psychological problems the way adults could

🥏She wrote The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense in 1966

She wrote about the ego's struggle with the overwhelming demands of the id, on the one hand, and powerful restrictions imposed by reality, on the other (Shiraev, 2016).

Ego Defenses

Unconscious structures enable an individual to avoid awareness of unpleasant, anxiety-arousing issues (Shiraev, 2016). 

🟥The ego functions to defend itself from these issues.

🟥The ego does this automatically in an unconscious way.

🧩🧩🧩🧩🧩🧩🧩🧩🧩🧩🧩🧩🧩🧩🧩🧩🧩🧩🧩🧩🧩🧩🧩🧩🧩🧩🧩🧩🧩🧩

Anna Freud theorized ten basic defense mechanisms (Shiraev, 2016).

🧩 Repression

🧩Regression 

🧩Reaction formation

   🧩  Undoing        🧩 Isolation

🧩
Projection                                                     🧩 Self-Harm                       🧩 Introjection

🧩 Rationalization                          🧩Displacement

References

Shiraev, E. (2016). Personality Theories: A Global View. SAGE Publications, Inc. (US). https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/books/9781506300795

Ego Psychology 

Psychoanalysis is a theory of personality that has had a long-lasting impact on psychology. Freud's followers supported some elements of the theory, refined others, and outright rejected yet others.They contributed to personality psychology by paying serious attention to social factors contributing to an individual's development and experience (Shiraev, 2016). 

🟥Most of Freud's followers accepted the general idea that infantile conflicts affect the individual's adult experiences and personality features.

🟥Psychoanalytic therapy can help the individual become aware of these conflicts🟥🟥

 🟥This is the idea that unresolved conflicts from childhood can have a lasting impact on our personality and behavior.

🟥They also acknowledged that the individual is generally unaware of these conflicts.

🟥This is a form of psychotherapy that focuses on helping the individual to understand and resolve their unconscious conflicts.

 

Several trends emerged in the new wave of psychoanalysis.

• Some psychoanalysts focused on a further examination of the ego and its functioning.
• Ego psychology focuses on how the ego interacts with the social environment.
• Other psychoanalysts focused on the role of object relations in personality development.
• Object relations theory emphasizes the importance of early relationships with caregivers in shaping the individual's personality.

Other psychoanalysts focused on the role of culture in personality development.

Cultural psychoanalysis emphasizes the importance of social and cultural factors in shaping the individual's personality (Shiraev, 2016). 

Resources

Shiraev, E. (2016). Personality Theories: A Global View. SAGE Publications, Inc. (US). https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/books/9781506300795

 

 Sometimes the Things We Enjoy Doing the Most Are the Things We Don't Want Others to See

We all have things that we enjoy doing, but sometimes those things are things that we don't want others to see. Maybe we're embarrassed about them, or maybe we think that others won't understand. Whatever the reason, there's something about these activities that makes us want to keep them private.

• There are many reasons why we might enjoy doing things that we don't want others to see. Sometimes, it's because these activities are simply a way for us to relax and de-stress. When we're around other people, we often feel like we have to put on a front and pretend to be someone we're not. But when we're alone, we can let loose and be ourselves.

• Other times, we enjoy doing things that we don't want others to see because they're a way for us to express ourselves creatively. Maybe we're a writer who likes to write in a private journal, or maybe we're a musician who likes to sing in the shower. These activities allow us to tap into our creativity and express ourselves in ways that we might not be able to do in front of others.

• Finally, sometimes we enjoy doing things that we don't want others to see because they're a way for us to escape from reality. Maybe we're feeling stressed or overwhelmed, and we need a way to take a break from our everyday lives. Watching a sad movie or reading a trashy novel can be a way for us to escape from our problems and just relax for a while.

Whatever the reason, there's nothing wrong with enjoying things that we don't want others to see. In fact, these activities can be a healthy way for us to relax, express ourselves, and escape from reality. So next time you feel the urge to do something that you're not sure you should do, go ahead and do it. You might be surprised at how much you enjoy it.

Psychoanalysis in Nazi Germany: A Dark Chapter in History

 

Psychoanalysis as a theory and its application in clinical, educational, and other spheres was influenced by each country’s conditions.

 

Freud’s works were translated into several languages:

French  

                             English

 Spanish     🌍

Italian                Russian

In the Soviet Union in the 1920s, some government officials initially supported psychoanalysis despite the official communist doctrine of limiting the spread of scientific knowledge from capitalist countries (Shiraev, 2016). 

🧩These officials believed that psychoanalysis could help reveal the psychological weaknesses and flaws of individuals living in a capitalist society.

Several Soviet scholars received government funding to start psychoanalytic centers.

🎞️🎞️Sabrina Spielrein (1885–1942)

 Soviet psychoanalyst and former patient and confidante of Jung, returned to the Soviet Union to use psychoanalysis in her work with children. Her life was popularized in the 2011 Hollywood movie A Dangerous Method, in which Keira Knightley played her role (Shiraev, 2016). 

📅1930s        

• 📅📅Soviet Union's support for psychoanalysis ended
• 🌍🌍 Psychoanalysis theorizes the power of unconscious processes and this did not align with the communist ideology.
• 🌍Communists believed that all inner conflicts within someone would disappear once they were placed in conditions of what they called social equality under communism (Shiraev, 2016). 
• 🌍🧩🧩 From the 1930's to the 1980s psychologists in the Soviet Union could only write or teach about Freud and his views from a critical perspective.

🟥 Psychoanalysis was labeled Jewish science and this allowed Germany to openly attack professors and clinicians (Shiraev, 2016).

🟥In 1933 The Nazi Party rose to power.

🟥Germany collected and burned Freud's books🟥Anyone who studied or taught psychoanalysis was punished

 

 Only a few managed to emigrate from Germany to the United States or other countries; many others died in concentration camps. Psychoanalysis was soon officially banned in Germany as both a theory and treatment method (Shiraev, 2016).

Martha Gellhorn: A Pioneering War Correspondent

 

Martha Gellhorn

Martha Gellhorn was a pioneering war correspondent who challenged the established rules of journalism. She was motivated by her own personal beliefs and desires, and she wasn't afraid to challenge the status quo (Shiraev, 2016).

• Gellhorn did not believe in Freud's theory of unresolved infantile conflicts or Adler's logic of overcoming inferiority.
• She read Freud but disagreed with him. She did not believe that unresolved infantile conflicts were the source of her actions. She had a happy childhood and loving parents. She disliked self-pity and believed that people must take responsibility for their own lives. She even criticized Freud for giving people the right to blame someone else for their own problems.
• Instead, she may have been motivated by anger, boredom, or a desire to scream.
• She may also have been motivated by self-challenge, or a desire to make a difference.

Martha Gellhorn read Freud's work, but she disagreed with his theory that unresolved conflicts from childhood are the source of our actions. She had a happy childhood with loving parents, and she believed that people must take responsibility for their own lives. She even criticized Freud for giving people an excuse to blame their problems on others (Shiraev, 2016).

Only Gellhorn knew what motivated her, but her story is an inspiration to those who are willing to fight for what they believe in.

• Gellhorn's work as a war correspondent took her to some of the most dangerous and chaotic places in the world, including Spain, Finland, France, and Vietnam.
• 
  
  She was one of the first female reporters to be accepted by male colleagues as an equal.
• Her writing was often praised for its honesty and immediacy.
• She was a recipient of the National Book Award for Nonfiction.

Her work has been credited with helping to shape public opinion about war and conflict  (Shiraev, 2016).

References

 

Shiraev, E. (2016). Personality Theories: A Global View. SAGE Publications, Inc. (US). https://mbsdirect.vitalsource.com/books/9781506300795

 ASK

988 offers 24/7 access to trained crisis counselors who can help people experiencing mental health-related distress. That could be (988 Key Messages, n.d.):

1. Thoughts of suicide
2. Mental health or substance use crises
3. Emotional distress

988 serves as a universal entry point so that no matter where you live in the United States, you can reach a trained crisis counselor who can help (988 Key Messages, n.d.).

In 2021(988 Key Messages, n.d.):

1. The U.S. had one death by suicide about every 11 minutes
2. For people aged 10–14 and 25–34 years, suicide was the second-leading cause of death
3. 
   Suicide rates increased significantly among non-Hispanic Black & American Indian and Alaska Native people
4. Nearly 900,000 youth aged 12-17 and 1.7 million adults attempted suicide
5. About 107,000 people died from drug overdoses

 

References

 988 Key Messages. (n.d.). Www.samhsa.gov. https://www.samhsa.gov/find-help/988/key-messages

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 CellML

Scientists Create New Programming Language for Living Cells

Scientists at MIT have created a new programming language for living cells. This language, called CellML, allows scientists to directly give cells new instructions and tasks. CellML is a text-based language, similar to the languages that computer scientists use to develop software. Cells can "learn" to perform new tasks by being given CellML instructions. For example, scientists could use CellML to teach human cells to transport and release cancer drugs upon encountering a tumor in the body. They could also teach plant cells to discharge natural insecticides to fight insects. The development of CellML has the potential to revolutionize the way we treat diseases. In the future, scientists may be able to create special informational programs for living cells that could replace many medications or be significantly more effective than most of them.

Here are some of the potential benefits of CellML (Shiraev, 2016) :

1. It could lead to new treatments for diseases like cancer and Alzheimer's.
2. It could help to improve crop yields and make food production more sustainable.
3. It could be used to create new types of materials with enhanced properties.
4. The development of CellML is still in its early stages, but it has the potential to have a major impact on our lives. It is an exciting new field of research that is full of potential.

Here are some additional thoughts on the potential of CellML:

1. CellML could be used to create new types of vaccines that are more effective and less likely to cause side effects.
2. It could be used to develop new ways to deliver drugs to the body, such as through nanoparticles or gene therapy.
3. It could be used to create new types of sensors that can detect diseases at an early stage.
4. The possibilities are endless. CellML is a powerful new tool that has the potential to change the world.

References

Shiraev, E. (2016). Personality Theories: A Global View. SAGE Publications, Inc. (US). https://mbsdirect.vitalsource.com/books/9781506300795