SIGMUND FREUD

Lecture Three

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In December of 1908, the Viennese physician Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) received an intriguing invitation from the American psychologist G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924), inviting him to visit Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts, and deliver a series of lectures describing his novel views about abnormal psychology. The invitation was intriguing partly because it came from one of the senior and most influential figures in American psychology. ( Freud, 1925)

 

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• 
  In Freud's third lecture, he corrects his previous statement that the first idea a patient produces is always the repressed thought. He explains that the patient's resistance to revealing the repressed thought often leads to the production of surrogate ideas, which are related to the repressed thought in some way but are not identical to it.
• Freud compares the surrogate idea to witticism, which is an indirect expression of a thought that would be considered unacceptable or dangerous to express directly. He also compares the surrogate idea to an ore, which must be refined in order to reveal its valuable content.

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• In this lecture, Freud emphasizes the importance of dreams in psychoanalysis. He argues that dreams are the royal road to the unconscious and that anyone who wants to understand the psychoses must first understand dreams.
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  In this lecture, Freud notes that dreams are often dismissed as meaningless or unimportant. However, he argues that this is a mistake. Dreams are actually quite meaningful, but their meaning is often disguised. The disguise is the result of the work of the censor, a part of the mind that prevents our repressed thoughts and feelings from reaching consciousness

• Freud then goes on to explain how to interpret dreams. The key to dream interpretation is to free associate from each element of the dream. Free association is a technique in which the dreamer is free to associate with each element of the dream. Free association is a technique in which the dreamer says whatever comes to mind, without judgement or censorship. By free-associating from each element of the dream, the dreamer can uncover the latent dream thoughts. By free-associating from each element of the dream, the dreamer can uncover latent dream thoughts, which are the unconscious thoughts and feelings that underlie the dream.

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Freud also discusses the process of dream work, which is the process by which the latent dream thoughts are disguised into the manifest dream. Two main mechanisms of dream work are:

1. Condensation
1. Combining multiple thoughts and feelings into a single dream element.
2. Displacement          

    Shifting the emphasis away from the most important aspects of the dream and onto less important facts.

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Freud states that dream work is similar to the process of symptom formation. In both cases, the unconscious is trying to disguise its contents from the conscious mind. However, by understanding dream work, we can gain access to the unconscious and learn more about our repressed thoughts and feelings.

• Freud discusses some of the other important insights that psychoanalysis has gained from the study of dreams:
• Early childhood experiences
• Help shape our adult personalities. Our childhood selves continue to exist within us, even though we may have repressed many of our childhood desires and impulses.
• Symbolism in dreams.
• The unconscious often uses symbols to represent sexual and other repressed material. This symbolism can be both individual and universal, and Freud suggests that it may be the same symbolism that is used in myths and legends.
• Anxiety dreams.
• Complex and require interpretation.
• can be a way for the ego to relieve itself of repressed wishes that have become too strong.
• They contradict the idea that dreams are wish fulfillment.
• Everyday mental phenomena.
• Slips of the tongue and bungling of acts
• The above are not simply accidents, but they have meaning and can be used to uncover repressed thoughts and feelings.

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The psychoanalytic technique is a powerful tool for uncovering repressed thoughts and feelings. It is based on the following principles:

• Free association
• The patient is encouraged to say whatever comes to mind, without judgment or censorship
• Dream Interpretation
• Symbolic expressions of unconscious desires and conflicts
• Analysis of slips of the tongue and other everyday mental phenomena
• Can also be used to uncover repressed material
• Transference
• The patient's relationship with the therapist can be used to explore the patient's unconscious conflicts.

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• Freud also states in this lecture that psychoanalysis is not only a therapeutic tool but also a valuable research tool in which we can learn more about the normal and abnormal mind.

Freud cautions that many people are resistant to the idea of the unconscious mind and that this resistance is strongest in people who are struggling to repress unconscious thoughts and feelings.

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Freud, S. (1925). The origin and development of psychoanalysis. An Outline of Psychoanalysis., 21–70. https://doi.org/10.1037/11350-001

Freud

 LECTURE TWO

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Sigmund Freud, a Viennese physician, was invited by G. Stanley Hall, a senior and influential American psychologist, to visit Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts, and deliver a series of lectures on his novel views about abnormal psychology. The invitation was significant because it came from a leading figure in American psychology and because Clark University was a prestigious institution. The lecture series was part of a conference to celebrate the university's 20th anniversary, which was expected to attract the best American professors and students of psychology and psychiatry.

 

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• In Freud's second lecture he discusses the development of his own theory of hysteria, which was influenced by the work of Charcot and Janet. He begins by noting that Charcot had shown that physical trauma could cause hysterical symptoms, and Janet had proposed a theory of hysteria based on the idea of mental dissociation.
  
• Freud disagrees with Janet's view that hysteria is a form of degenerative alteration of the nervous system. He argues that hysteria is caused by repressed memories of traumatic experiences. He also argues that hypnosis is not necessary for the treatment of hysteria and that patients can be cured by helping them to recall and process their repressed memories.
• Freud concludes by discussing his own technique for uncovering repressed memories, which he called the "talking cure." This technique involved having patients talk about their symptoms and their life experiences in a state of deep concentration. Freud believed that this process would help patients to bring their repressed memories to the surface and to overcome their symptoms.

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• Freud provides an example of repression from his own practice. He treated a young woman who had developed hysterical symptoms after her sister died. The woman has forgotten a scene from her sister's deathbed, in which she had fantasized about marrying her brother-in-law. Freud was able to help the woman remember this scene and process her feelings about it, which led to the resolution of her symptoms.
• Freud uses an analogy to explain his take on the process of repression in more detail. He imagines a rowdy individual who is disrupting his lecture. The audience members eject the rowdy individual from the hall, but they then post guards at the door to prevent him from returning. This is analogous to the way that the mind represses unwanted thoughts and feelings. 
• Freud states that repression can sometimes have negative consequences. Fo example, if a repressed thought or feeling is very intense, it can manifest itself in the form of physical symptoms or psychological problems. However, Freud also believes that repression can be a useful defense mechanism, as it can help to protect the mind from overwhelming emotions.

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Freud believes that psychoanalysis can help people to cure their neuroses by helping them to bring their repressed desires to the surface and to process them In a healthy way. Freud compares this process to the role of a mediator who can help two parties to resolve a conflict.

In Freud's example of the rowdy individual disrupting the lecture, the audience members as as the ego, which is the part of the mind that is responsible for consciousness and reality testing. The rowdy individual represents the repressed desire, which is trying to force its way into consciousness. Freud is the mediator, who helps the ego to come to terms with the repressed desire in a way that is acceptable to both sides.

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References

 

Freud, S. (1925). The origin and development of psychoanalysis. An Outline of Psychoanalysis., 21–70. https://doi.org/10.1037/11350-001

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Sigmund Freud

    LECTURE ONE

Sigmund Freud, a Viennese physician, was invited by G. Stanley Hall, a senior and

influential American psychologist, to visit Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts, and deliver a series of lectures on his novel views about abnormal psychology. The invitation was significant because it came from a leading figure in American psychology and because Clark University was a prestigious institution. The lecture series was part of a conference to celebrate the university's 20th anniversary, which was expected to attract the best American professors and students of psychology and psychiatry.

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• Sigmund Freud was lecturing on the history of psychoanalysis to an audience of non-medical professionals. He begins by stating that he is not the creator of psychoanalysis, but rather that he was inspired by the work of Dr. Joseph Breuer.
• Freud then proceeds to give a brief case study of one of Breuer's patients who was a young woman who was suffering from a variety of physical and mental symptoms, including paralysis, blindness, and loss of speech. Breuer hypothesized that the patient's symptoms were not due to a physical illness, but to hysteria which is a mental disorder characterized by a variety of physical symptoms that have an organic basis.

• Freud then proceeds to give a brief case study of one of Breuer's patients, a young woman who was suffering from a variety of physical and mental symptoms, including paralysis, blindness, and loss of speech. Breuer hypothesized that the patient's symptoms were not due to a physical illness, but instead to hysteria, a mental disorder characterized by various physical symptoms that have no organic basis.
• Breur developed a new method of treating hysteria, which he called psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis involves having the patient talk about her symptoms and her life experiences in order to bring unconscious conflicts and emotions to the surface. Breuer/s patient eventually recovered from her symptoms after undergoing psychoanalysis.
• Freud was impressed by Breuer's success in treating this patient, and he began to develop his own theories and techniques of psychoanalysis. Freud eventually became the most famous and influential psychoanalyst in history.

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The patient, who was given the pseudonym Anna O, suffered from a variety of physical and mental symptoms. Dr. Breuer hypothesized that her symptoms were caused by repressed memories of traumatic events in her life.

Over time, Anna O. was able to recall and process many of her repressed memories, and her symptoms began to disappear. One example, Anna was able to cure her symptom of being unable to drink water by remembering a time when she had seen her dog drink from a glass and became disgusted.

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• Freud continues discussing the role of repressed memories and emotions in the development of hysteria. One of Anna O's repressed memories that she remembered was a time when she saw a snake near her sick father's bed.

Freud compares hysterical symptoms to memory symbols, such as the monuments in London that commemorate historical events. He argues that hysterics, like the people who would stand all day in from of these monuments, are fixated on the past and unable to live in the present.

Freud then discusses the two factors that contribute to the development of hysteria:

1. repressed emotions
1. When people suppress their emotions, these emotions become converted into physical symptoms and Freud calls this "hysterical conversion."
2. abnormal bodily innervations.

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• Breuer also discovered that it was possible to cure these symptoms by having the patients recall these experiences under hypnosis.
• In Freud's lecture, he states that these findings can be explained by the existence of unconscious mental states. These states are separate from conscious awareness and can continue to influence the mind and body even if the person is not aware of them.

• In this lecture, Freud criticizes Breuer's concept of hypnoidal states as being too narrow. Freud argued that the unconscious mental states can have a variety of causes, including childhood experiences, repressed emotions, and conflicts.
• Freud concludes this first lecture by stating that psychoanalysis is still in its early stages of development and that it has the potential to provide a comprehensive explanation of the causes and treatment of hysteria.

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References

 Freud, S. (1925). The origin and development of psychoanalysis. An Outline of Psychoanalysis., 21–70. https://doi.org/10.1037/11350-001

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THAT

TAT

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The main ideas of psychoanalysis have influenced testing methods used in clinical practice. Sigmund Freud found psychoanalysis which has had a profound impact on the field of psychology. One of these influences is the development of testing methods used in clinical practice. Some of the key psychoanalytic concepts that have influenced testing include (Shiraev,2016):

• Unconscious Mind: This is a reservoir of repressed thoughts feelings and experiences that can influence our behavior without our awareness.
• Projective tests such as the Thematic Apperception Test are designed to tap into our unconscious mind by presenting ambiguous stimuli that can be interpreted differently. 
• Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious mental processes that protect us from discomfort.
• Projective tests can also be used to identify defense mechanisms by observing how people distort or avoid certain stimuli.
• Personality Structure: The ID, the EGO, and the SUPEREGO compose personality.
• Projective tests can assess the strength of these different parts of personality.
• Objects Relations: Focuses on the way we relate to others.
• Projective tests can assess someone's attachment style and also their ability to form healthy relationships.

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The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

The TAT is a projective test that consists of a series of ambiguous pictures. The person taking the test is asked to tell a story about each picture. The stories are then analyzed for themes, which are recurring patterns of thought, feeling, and behavior. This test can be used to assess a wide range of psychological factors, such as (Shirae 2016 ):

• Personality traits
• Defense mechanisms
• Conflicts
• Needs 
• Fears
• Fantasies

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What about TAT psychoanalysis

For example, someone who is struggling with anger issues may tell stories about characters who are angry and aggressive. Someone who is feeling insecure may tell stories about characters who are rejected or abandoned.  (Shirae 2016)

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Depression                  Trauma

                                         It can also assess (Shirae 2016):

Anxiety               Personality Disorders

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References

 Shiraev, E. (2016). Personality Theories. SAGE Publications, Inc. (US). https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/books/9781506300795

Harm Reduction

 

Harm Reduction is key to improving public health.

Harm reduction is a public health approach that aims to minimize the negative consequences associated with drug use, drug policies, and drug laws. It is based on the principle that people who use drugs should be treated with respect and dignity, and that they should have access to services and support that help them reduce the risks associated with their drug use.

Harm reduction is important for a number of reasons. First, it can help to save lives. For example, syringe service programs provide clean needles and syringes to people who use drugs, which helps to prevent the spread of HIV and other blood-borne diseases. Naloxone distribution programs provide people with a medication that can reverse the effects of an opioid overdose.

Second, harm reduction can help to improve the health and well-being of people who use drugs. For example, safe injection sites provide people with a safe and supervised place to inject drugs, which can help to reduce the risk of overdose and other complications. Medication-assisted treatment (MAT) is a type of treatment that uses medication to help people reduce or stop their drug use, and it can also improve their physical and mental health.

Third, harm reduction can help to reduce the stigma associated with drug use. This can make it easier for people to seek help and support, and it can also help to reduce the criminalization of drug use.

Harm reduction is not about promoting or encouraging drug use. Instead, it is about recognizing that drug use is a reality and that people who use drugs deserve to be treated with respect and compassion. Harm reduction offers people the tools and support they need to reduce the risks associated with their drug use and improve their health and well-being.

Harm reduction is a key to improving public health. It is an evidence-based approach that can help save lives, improve the health and well-being of people who use drugs, and reduce the stigma associated with drug use. Harm reduction is not about promoting or encouraging drug use. Instead, it is about recognizing that drug use is a reality and that people who use drugs deserve to be treated with respect and compassion.

 Harm reduction: The program should provide information and resources to help people who are using crystal meth reduce the harm they are causing themselves and others. This could include information on how to use safely, how to recognize and respond to overdoses, and how to reduce the risk of HIV and other infections. The program should also provide access to clean needles and other drug paraphernalia.

CRYSTAL METH

 

 

History

The following is the history of a drug epidemic that has been devastating society, leading to increased crime, violence, and addiction for centuries. In 1893, Japan synthesized crystal meth. In the early twentieth century, Japan and Germany used it to treat narcolepsy, obesity, and depression (History.com Editors, 2018).

In 1919, A Japanese chemist used phosphorus and iodine to reduce the ephedrine into a crystallized form, creating the world's first crystal meth (History.com Editors, 2018), It was from this point in 1919 that methamphetamine was streamlined into civilization making it easier to get and reproduce. The following are events that occurred throughout the years in the timeline of Crystal meth (History.com Editors, 2018):

• During World War II, both sides gave it to soldiers to keep them awake and alert.
• In the 1950s, it became a popular prescription drug in the USA for treating obesity, narcolepsy, and ADHD; however, it was restricted in the 1970s due to its addictive potential.
• In the 1980's in rural USA crystal meth production started increasing at alarming rates.
• Due to the availability of pseudoephedrine, low cost, and ease of manufacturing crystal meth exploded in the United States in the 1990s

References

History.com Editors. (2018, August 21). History of  Meth. HISTORY; A&E Television Networks.             https://www.hostory.com/topics/crime/history-of-meth

Possible Med Treatments for Crystal Meth

 ADDICTION

As of right now, there are no meds that have been approved by the FDA to counteract the specific effects of meth by someone addicted to it. NIDA (2019) states on its website that research into medications of this nature is a priority.

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Drug researchers are typically looking for medications that can counteract the known physiological effects of chronic methamphetamine use. They may also test medications that have shown promise in treating other addictions or psychiatric disorders. Here are some of the targets and strategies that have shown promise in animal or human studies related to methamphetamine use disorder (Abuse 2019) :

• Neuroimmune system - Chronic meth usage is associated with over-activating microglia which mediate inflammation in the central nervous system.
• Ibudilast and Minocycline are currently being studied for their effectiveness.🏳️‍🌈🏳️‍🌈🏳️‍🌈🏳️‍🌈🏳️‍🌈🏳️‍🌈🏳️‍🌈🏳️‍🌈🏳️‍🌈🏳️‍🌈🏳️‍🌈🏳️‍🌈🏳️‍🌈🏳️‍🌈🏳️‍🌈🏳️‍🌈🏳️‍🌈
• Cognitive enhancement - Several drugs are under investigation that fall into this category.

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Dopamine agonist treatment - 

Medications that activate the same receptors as an addictive drug can be effective in treating other addictions. For example, methadone and buprenorphine are opioid agonists that can be used to treat opioid use disorder, and nicotine replacement therapy can be used to help people quit smoking.

Since methamphetamine targets the dopamine system, researchers are investigating stimulant medications that activate dopamine receptors (agonists) as potential medications to treat methamphetamine use disorder. These medications are often used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

In summary, medications that activate the same receptors as an addictive drug are a promising new approach to treating methamphetamine use disorder.

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Other monoamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine targets - 

Methamphetamine withdrawal symptoms are similar to depression, so researchers are investigating the use of antidepressants that act on the serotonin and norepinephrine systems to treat methamphetamine use disorder. Antipsychotic medications also act on the dopamine system and may have promise for ameliorating the effects of chronic methamphetamine use.

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The Opioid System - 

The opioid system is thought to be involved in the euphoric effects of addictive drugs. Candidate medications for methamphetamine use disorder that target the opioid system include the opioid antagonist naltrexone and the opioid partial agonist buprenorphine.

Naltrexone

Naltrexone is an opioid antagonist, which means that it blocks the effects of opioids on the brain. It is currently being studied in combination with the antidepressant bupropion for the treatment of methamphetamine use disorder.

Buprenorphine

Buprenorphine is an opioid partial agonist, which means that it activates the opioid receptors in a weaker way than opioids like methamphetamine. It is currently approved by the FDA for the treatment of opioid use disorder, and some research suggests that it may also be helpful for methamphetamine use disorder.

Both naltrexone and buprenorphine have the potential to reduce methamphetamine cravings and relapse rates. However, more research is needed to determine the long-term safety and efficacy of these medications for methamphetamine use disorder.

Overall, medications that target the opioid system are a promising new approach to treating methamphetamine use disorder.

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GABA and glutamate systems

Several medications targeting disruptions in the balance of excitation and inhibition (mediated by the neurotransmitters GABA and glutamate) are being investigated to treat methamphetamine use disorder. This is because methamphetamine use can disrupt the balance between these two systems, leading to increased excitation and decreased inhibition.

Medications that target the GABA and glutamate systems may be helpful for reducing methamphetamine cravings, relapse rates, and other symptoms of methamphetamine use disorder. However, more research is needed to determine the long-term safety and efficacy of these medications.

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Hormones

The hormones cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8) and oxytocin have both shown promise in reducing the rewarding properties of methamphetamine in animals. However, more research is needed to determine whether these hormones are effective in treating methamphetamine use disorder in humans.

Overall, medications that target the GABA and glutamate systems and hormones like CCK-8 and oxytocin are promising new approaches to treating methamphetamine use disorder.

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References

 Abuse, N. I. on D. (2019, October). What treatments are effective for people who misuse methamphetamine? National Institute on Drug Abuse. https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/methamphetamine/what-treatments-are-effective-people-who-misuse-methamphetamine

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