Shadow Pulse 9

  How Authoritarianism Leads to Prejudice 🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥 🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥 The concept of the authoritarian personality is a psychological theory that attempts to explain how people come to hold prejudiced and discriminatory attitudes toward other social groups. Authoritarian personalities are characterized by a number of traits including: Conventionalism - a strong adherence to traditional values and norms Authoritarian submission - a tendency to submit to authority figures and to endorse authoritarian values Authoritarian aggression - a tendency to be aggressive and hostile towards those who violate traditional values or challenge authority. Anti-intraception - a distrust of subjectivity and imagination Superstition and stereotypy - a belief in mysticism and a tendency to think in rigid categories. Power and toughness - a concern with dominance and submission Destructiveness and cynicism - a hostile and cynical view of human nature Projectivity - a t...

Why Early Psychologists Still Matter: A Look at the Lasting Legacy of Freud, Adler, and Jung The theories of early thinkers in psychology continue to have an impact today for a number of reasons: These pioneers of the field and their work laid the foundation for our modern understanding of the mind and human behavior. Their theories were insightful and groundbreaking and they offered new ways of thinking about human nature and the causes of mental illness. Their theories have been supported by empirical research and while some of their specific ideas have been rejected many of their core insights have been validated by research. Their theories are widely taught in psychology courses which means that a new generation of psychologists is exposed to their work and influenced by it to this day. 📚📚📚📚📚📚📚📚📚📚📚📚📚📚📚📚📚📚📚📚📚📚📚📚📚📚📚📚📚📚 Psychoanalytic theory has been used to inform the treatment of mental illness, the understanding of child development, and the interpreta...

 The Three Psychoanalysts 🪟🪟🪟🪟🪟🪟🪟🪟🪟🪟🪟🪟🪟🪟🪟🪟🪟🪟🪟🪟🪟🪟🪟🪟🪟🪟🪟🪟🪟 Jung, Freud, and Adler all believed that personality is shaped by early childhood experiences and that the unconscious mind plays a significant role in human behavior. They also all believed that people are motivated by a variety of factors including both conscious and unconscious desires (Shiraev, 2016). 👀👀👀👀👀👀👀👀👀👀👀👀👀👀👀👀👀👀👀👀👀👀👀👀👀👀 The Three  (Shiraev, 2016): Freud believed that the primary motivator of human behavior is sex drive, and he also believed that personality is largely determined by early childhood experiences, particularly the Oedipus complex. Adler believed that the primary motivator of human behavior is the striving for superiority - power, competence, and significance. He also emphasized the importance of social and cultural factors in shaping personality. Jung believed that the primary motivator of human behavior is the striving for wholeness - self...

 Psychoanalysis: A New Take on the Human Mind in a Changing World 🕶️🕶️🕶️🕶️🕶️🕶️🕶️🕶️🕶️🕶️🕶️🕶️🕶️🕶️🕶️🕶️🕶️ The social and cultural changes at the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century provided a fertile ground for the emergence of psychoanalysis. (Shiraev, 2016). Some of the key changes that influenced psychoanalysis include: The rise of industrialization and urbanization led to a breakdown of traditional social structures and a sense of dislocation and alienation among many people. This created a need for new ways to understand and treat mental illness. An increase in individualism and the pursuit of happiness led to a greater awareness of the inner world of the mind and a desire to understand the unconscious forces that shape our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. The growing popularity of secularism and skepticism led to a decline in religious authority and a greater willingness to question traditional explanations of human behavior....

Conflict and Anxiety 🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥 Each stage of Freud's psychosexual development presents certain conflicts in which the child attempts to settle using social and familial constraints (Gould,& Howson 2021). Freud believed that a fixation could continue into adulthood and cause psychological disorders like neurosis and hysteria. Freud also believed that when we do not resolve these conflicts then we can develop a fixation on an erogenous area. 🟦🟦🟦🟦🟦🟦🟦🟦🟦🟦🟦🟦🟦🟦🟦🟦 Freud believed that there was constant conflict among the id, ego, and superego. The id always wants to be satisfied while the ego fights for the need to deal with reality, and the superego attempts to provide the person with a sense of morality and ethics. Freud believed that this constant battle could create anxiety (Gould,& Howson 2021): Neurotic Anxiety When someone believes that they will lose control of the id's desires and be punished for inappropriate behavior. For example, children...

And Personality Development Part Two 📒📒📒📒📒📔📔📔📔📔📔📔📔 Freud believed that personality development occurs as we progressively learn to control our drives as a child. As we pass through five psychosexual stages as children our id becomes focused on different erogenous areas or parts of the body that are responsive to sexual stimulation. (Gould,& Howson 2021)  🟦🟦🟦🟦🟦🟦🟦 Freud's five stages of personality are centered on erogenous zones and have three key components  (Gould,& Howson 2021): Physical Psychological Type of fixation 👀👀 Freud's five stages of personality development(Gould,& Howson 2021): Oral Stage - Birth to 18 months  In this stage we seek pleasure through oral activities like nursing, sucking, eating, biting, and chewing. Freud thought that a child would develop an oral fixation if they received too little or too much oral pleasure. Smoking, drinking, and nail biting are common oral fixations in adults. Freud believed that...

Freud and Personality Part One 🟦🟦🟦🟦🟦🟦🟦🟦🟦🟦🟦🟦🟦🟦 Freud's work had a profound impact on modern understanding of the mind, sexuality, and morality, but it was also controversial. His approach has been criticized for its assumptions about gender and its emphasis on the role of mothers in personality development. Despite these criticisms, Freud's work remains highly influential in clinical psychotherapy and psychoanalytic theory. 🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥 Freud's concept of the mind (Gould,& Howson 2021): ID The primitive, instinctual part of the mind that seeks immediate gratification of needs and desires. It is present at birth and is the source of our libido and aggressive drives. Ego The rational part of the mind mediates between the demands of the id and the constraints of reality and the superego It is responsible for planning, decision-making, and problem-solving. Superego The moralistic part of the mind internalizes society's values and standards o...