The Workplace Needs Introverts

 How to Create an Environment Where Everyone Can Thrive

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Short Personality Test

1. assertive
2. talkative
3. bold
4. not reserved
5. energetic

Next to each word rate on a scale of 1 to five of how much that it applies to you. 1 being not at all and 5 being very much so.
Now add up your score and what is your total?

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 According to Gino (2015), if you score 10 points  - you are likely to have an introverted personality.

• Introverts make up from 1/3 to 1/2 of the population (Gino 2015).
• Most workplaces are set up exclusively with extroverts in mind

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Extroverts are often characterized by (Gino 2015):

• Gravitate towards groups and constant action
• tend to think out loud
• they are energized and recharged by external stimuli such as personal interactions, social gatherings, and shared ideas
• being around other people gives them energy.
• Team leaders who are extroverts can be highly effective leaders when the members of their team are dutiful followers looking for guidance from above
• Extroverts bring the vision, assertiveness, energy, and networks necessary to give them direction.
• Extroverted leaders are likely to feel threatened when  the team members are proactive and take the initiative to introduce changes, champion new visions, and promote better strategies
• Extroverted leadership may drive higher performance when employees are passive 
• Extroverted leadership may drive lower performance when employees are proactive

Introverts are often characterized by (Gino 2015):

• usually dislike noise, interruptions, and group settings
• they tend to prefer quiet solitude, time to think before speaking or acting, and building relationships and trust one-on-one
• they recharge with reflection and deep dives into their inner landscape to research ideas and focus deeply at work.
• introverted leaders are better when the team members are proactive and take the initiative to introduce changes, champion the new vision, and promote better strategies

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Dominance complementarity

• The tendency of groups to be more cohesive and effective when they have a balance of dominant and submissive members (Gino 2015).
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Adam Grant of Wharton and Dave Hofman of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill studied a US pizza delivery chain.

• They compared the profitability of 57 stores
• assessed each store leader's levels of extraversion
• how assertive, talkative, bold, and energetic he or she was
• Then for the following 7 weeks, they tracked each store's profits

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Their Results

• Extroverted leadership was linked to significantly higher profits than those led by introverts
• 16 percent higher
• Extroverted leadership was linked to lower profits when the employees were more proactive.
• 14 percent lower

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Discussion of  Results

• Introverts can use their strengths to bring out the best in others.
• Introverts' strengths are often locked up because of the way work is structured.
• In a work culture where the typical meeting is loud and talkative, where the workplace is open and desks are practically touching, and where there are high levels of confidence, charisma, and sociability - Introverts often have to adjust who they are just to pass or fit in but they do so at a price to themselves and to the company.

According to Gino (2015) here is how to get the best out of introverts through such meetings:

1. At Amazon, every meeting starts in total silence.
2. Before anyone can say anything everyone must quietly read a six-page memo about the meeting's agenda for 20 to 30 minutes
3. After reading the memos, the group can then focus on reaching shared understandings, dig into data and insights, and have a meaningful debate.
4. This process of reading time gives the introverts time to process and formulate their thoughts, and for some to build up the courage to share with the rest of the team.
5. It often encourages extroverts to listen and reflect and open up to the perspectives of their more silent peers.

According to Gino (2015), the" real magic" is in the writing of the memos:

1. The six-page memos are referred to as narratives and they tell a story they have a conflict to resolve and should conclude with solutions, innovation, and happy customers and this structure provides the meeting with structure.
2. The writing forces the memo authors to reason through what they want to present, spend time puzzling through tough questions, and formulate clear, if not persuasive arguments.
3. Some companies are even banning PowerPoint.
4. These memos level the playing field for introverts in an extroverted office meeting session

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 References

Gino, F. (2015). Introverts, Extroverts, and the Complexities of Team Dynamics. Harvard Business Review Digital Articles, 2–5.

Raymond Cattell

The Psychologist Who Put Personality Traits on the Map

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• Raymond Cattell was a British-American psychologist who made significant contributions to the fields of personality, intelligence, and multivariate statistics. He is best known for his development of the sixteen personality factor questionnaire which is a widely used personality test that measures 16 basic personality dimensions. (Shiraev 20016):  
  
  
  
  
  

1. warmth vs coldness
   
   
   
2. reasoning vs imagination
3. dominance vs submissiveness
4. liveliness vs seriousness 
5. rule-consciousness vs spontaneity
6. social boldness vs shyness
7. sensitivity vs toughness
8. vigilance vs trust
9. abstractedness vs concreteness
10. privateness vs openness to change
11. apprehension vs self-confidence
12. traditionalism vs unconventional
13. group-dependence vs self-sufficiency
14. perfectionism vs unconcern
15. intellectualism vs anti-intellectualism
16. imagination vs practicality

Cattell believed that personality traits were fundamental underlying elements of daily human behavior and experience. He used factor analysis to identify the basic dimensions of personality by studying large datasets of personality ratings and self-assessments. This work led to the development of the 16PF which is a reliable and valid personality test. 

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 Cattell contributed to the study of intelligence.

Fluid Intelligence - the ability to think abstractly and solve novel problems.

Crystalized Intelligence - the knowledge and skills that are acquired through experience 

Cattell believed that fluid intelligence is more important for success in school and in the workplace. He also believed that fluid intelligence declines with age, while crystallized intelligence can continue to increase throughout life.  (Shiraev 20016)

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Multivariate Statistics

• A set of statistical methods that are used to analyze data with multiple variables allows researchers to study complex relationships between personality traits and other variables. 
• Cattell used multivariate statistics to study the relationship between personality traits and job performance, academic achievement, and mental health.

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He is considered one of the most quoted psychologists of the 20th century and beyond.

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 References

Shiraev, E. (2016). Personality Theories. SAGE Publications, Inc. (US). https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/books/9781506300795

Gordon Allport's Legacy

The Quest for Personality: 

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 Gordon Allport

Believed that personality is unique to each individual and influenced by both internal and external factors. He developed a three-tiered model of personality traits (Shiraev 2016):

1. Cardinal traits
1.      dominant and pervasive and they shape a person's overall personality\
2. Central traits
1. less dominant but they are still important and have a significant impact on behavior
3. Secondary traits
1. Only present in certain situations and are less likely to influence overall behavior.          

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References

Shiraev, E. (2016). Personality Theories. SAGE Publications, Inc. (US). https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/books/9781506300795

The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Personality

 Insights from the Past

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Many philosophers from the past wrote about personality traits, including David Hume and David Hartley.

Hume

Identified four most significant traits (Shiraev, 2016):  

1. 

   Pleasure Seeking                                                                   
2. Virtue Seeking
3. Philosophical devotion                    
4. Critical thinking.

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Hartley

1. imaginative
2. ambitious
3. self-interested
4. sympathetic
5. theopathetic
6. morally sensitive

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Early experimental psychologists such as Wilhelm Wundt were also interested in studying personality traits. Wundt believed that language had a big role in forming individual traits. He argued that people who spoke German as their first language were more likely to become more organized, orderly, and responsible. (Shiraev, 2016).

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Takeaway

Personality traits are relatively stable and unique characteristics that people possess

Language can play a role in shaping personality traits.

Early personality theories such as those of Hume and Hartley, shared common ground with modern trait theories of personality

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 References

Shiraev, E. (2016). Personality Theories. SAGE Publications, Inc. (US). https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/books/9781506300795

Ancient Wisdom for the Modern World

Unraveling the Mysteries of Personality

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Ancient philosophical teachings from around the world have long considered personality to be a distinct combination of traits. For example, Buddhist thinkers identified five constituents of personality, while ancient Greek philosophers associated individual traits with different parts of the body. Many early classifications also described bodily humors as foundations of stable traits.( Shiraev, 2016)

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Ancient philosophers also developed specific theories about how personality traits are formed and influenced. Hinduism suggests various combinations of traits based on an individual's stages of development. Islamic tradition distinguishes between several levels of personality traits according to the quality of the nafs - self or soul.( Shiraev, 2016)

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Astrological explanations of personality traits were also popular in ancient times and also today. These explanations typically associate specific personality traits with celestial bodies, such as the planets Jupiter, Saturn, and Mars.

Overall, ancient philosophical teachings provide a rich and divers perspective on the nature of personality. They offer insights on how personality traits are formed, how they can be classified, and how they can influence our behavior

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References

 

Shiraev, E. (2016). Personality Theories. SAGE Publications, Inc. (US). https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/books/9781506300795

The Hidden Forces That Drive Our Behavior

The influence of psychoanalysis on the studies of personality

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Psychoanalysis has had a profound influence on the studies of personality. It has generated new and intriguing theories, as well as new applications of those theories. Psychoanalysis has also generated a growing public interest in psychology worldwide, motivating many people to read psychology books and take psychology classes. (Shiraev, 2016)

Theories of Personality

Psychoanalysis has influenced the studies of personality in a number of ways. One way is by providing new theories about how personality develops and how it functions. For example, Freud's theory of psychosexual development suggests that personality is shaped by early childhood experiences and that unconscious forces play a significant role in behavior. Erikson's theory of psychosocial development suggests that personality develops in stages and that each stage is associated with a different challenge. (Shiraev, 2016)

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Ego Psychology

Egp psychology is a branch of psychoanalysis that focuses on the role of the ego in personality development and functioning. Ego psychologists believe that the ego is responsible for mediating between the demands of the id which is the unconscious part of the personality that is driven by pleasure-seeking impulses and the superego which is the moralistic part of the personality. Anna Freud, Erik Erikson, and Karen Horney were all prominent ego psychologists. (Shiraev, 2016)

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Defense Mechanisms

Defense mechanisms are unconscious psychological processes that people use to protect themselves from anxiety and other unpleasant emotions. Defense mechanisms can be adaptive or maladaptive. Adaptive defense mechanisms help people to cope with stress and adversity in a healthy way while maladaptive defense mechanisms can lead to self-destructive behavior or mental illness. (Shiraev, 2016)

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Identity Crisis

Erikson coined the term identity crisis to describe the inner state of tension that people experience when they are struggling to develop a sense of self. Identity crises are common during adolescence, but they can occur at any point in life.

Authoritarian Personality

Fromm's research on authoritarian personality helped to shed light on the psychological factors that contribute to fascism and other forms of authoritarian rule. Authoritarian personalities tend to be highly submissive to authority figures and to be intolerant of dissent.

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Psychological Testing

Psychoanalysts have also made significant contributions to the development of psychological tests. For example, the Rorschach test and the Thematic Apperception Test were both developed by psychoanalysts. These tests are projective tests, which means that they are designed to measure unconscious aspects of personality.(Shiraev, 2016) 

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Social Psychology

Psychoanalysis has also influenced the field of social psychology. For example, psychoanalytic concepts such as the unconscious mind, repression, and projection have been used to explain a wide range of phenomena, such as prejudice, conformity, and groupthink.

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Psychological Therapy

Psychoanalysis has also had a major impact on the development of psychological therapy. Psychoanalytic therapy is a type of talk therapy that focuses on helping people to understand and resolve their unconscious conflicts. (Shiraev, 2016)

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Views of Sexuality

Psychoanalysis has had a significant impact on our views of sexuality. Freud's theory of psychosexual development suggests that sexuality begins to develop in early childhood and that it is influenced by early childhood experiences. Psychoanalysis has also helped to raise awareness of the role that unconscious factors play in sexual behavior

Psychoanalysis has been criticized for a number of reasons. Psychoanalytic theories are difficult to test scientifically and it is also time-consuming and expensive. Some say that psychoanalysis is too focused on the negative aspects of human nature.

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References

Shiraev, E. (2016). Personality Theories. SAGE Publications, Inc. (US). https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/books/9781506300795

The Dark Side of Personality

  How Authoritarianism Leads to Prejudice

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The concept of the authoritarian personality is a psychological theory that attempts to explain how people come to hold prejudiced and discriminatory attitudes toward other social groups. Authoritarian personalities are characterized by a number of traits including:

• Conventionalism - a strong adherence to traditional values and norms
  
• Authoritarian submission - a tendency to submit to authority figures and to endorse authoritarian values
• Authoritarian aggression - a tendency to be aggressive and hostile towards those who violate traditional values or challenge authority.
• Anti-intraception - a distrust of subjectivity and imagination
• Superstition and stereotypy - a belief in mysticism and a tendency to think in rigid categories.
• Power and toughness - a concern with dominance and submission
• Destructiveness and cynicism - a hostile and cynical view of human nature
• Projectivity - a tendency to project one's own negative qualities onto others.
• Exaggerated concerns over sex - an excessive preoccupation with sex and sexuality.

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Research has shown that people who score high on measures of authoritarian personality are more likely to hold prejudiced attitudes towards a variety of social groups including racial and ethnic minorities,   LGBT+ people, and immigrants. This is because authoritarian personalities tend to view the world in terms of black-and-white categories, with good people on one side and bad people on the other. They also tend to be suspicious of and hostile towards those who are different from them

It is important to note that not everyone who is prejudiced has an authoritarian personality. However, research has shown that authoritarian personality is a strong predictor of prejudice.

Here are some ways to reduce prejudice against other social groups:

1. Educate people about the dangers of prejudice and discrimination
2. Promote intergroup contact and cooperation
3. Challenge negative stereotypes and misconceptions.
4. Advocate for policies that promote diversity and inclusion.

By taking these steps, we can help to create a more just and equitable society for all.

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References

Osborne, D., Satherley, N., Little, T. D., & Sibley, C. G. (2021). Authoritarianism and Social Dominance Predict Annual Increases in Generalized Prejudice. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 12(7), 1136-1145. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550620969608

Still Shaping the Way We Think About Ourselves

Why Early Psychologists Still Matter: A Look at the Lasting Legacy of Freud, Adler, and Jung

The theories of early thinkers in psychology continue to have an impact today for a number of reasons:

1. These pioneers of the field and their work laid the foundation for our modern understanding of the mind and human behavior.
2. Their theories were insightful and groundbreaking and they offered new ways of thinking about human nature and the causes of mental illness.
3. Their theories have been supported by empirical research and while some of their specific ideas have been rejected many of their core insights have been validated by research.
4. Their theories are widely taught in psychology courses which means that a new generation of psychologists is exposed to their work and influenced by it to this day.

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• Psychoanalytic theory has been used to inform the treatment of mental illness, the understanding of child development, and the interpretation of art and literature.
• The theories of early thinkers in psychology have been criticized, but they remain important and influential for the reasons listed above.
• Their work has helped us to better understand ourselves and the world around us.

Here are some specific examples of the impact of early thinkers in psychology on the world today

Here are some specific examples of the impact of early thinkers in psychology on the world today (Shiraev,2016):

• Freud's theory of the unconscious mind has had a profound influence on our understanding of human behavior. Psychotherapists use psychoanalytic techniques to help people access and understand their unconscious thoughts and feelings.
• Adler's theory of striving for superiority has been used to develop interventions for a variety of problems including depression, anxiety, and antisocial behavior.
• Jung's theory of archetypes has been used to interpret art, literature, and mythology from around the world and has also been used to develop new approaches to psychotherapy.

While they are not without their flaws, they continue to be valuable and influential sources of knowledge about the human mind and behavior.

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 References

 Shiraev, E. (2016). Personality Theories. SAGE Publications, Inc. (US). https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/books/9781506300795

A Tale of Sex, Strivings, and Wholeness

 The Three Psychoanalysts

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Jung, Freud, and Adler all believed that personality is shaped by early childhood experiences and that the unconscious mind plays a significant role in human behavior. They also all believed that people are motivated by a variety of factors including both conscious and unconscious desires (Shiraev, 2016).

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• The Three (Shiraev, 2016):

• Freud believed that the primary motivator of human behavior is sex drive, and he also believed that personality is largely determined by early childhood experiences, particularly the Oedipus complex.
• Adler believed that the primary motivator of human behavior is the striving for superiority - power, competence, and significance. He also emphasized the importance of social and cultural factors in shaping personality.
• Jung believed that the primary motivator of human behavior is the striving for wholeness - self-actualization. He also believed that personality is influenced by both the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious.

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References

Shiraev, E. (2016). Personality Theories. SAGE Publications, Inc. (US). https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/books/9781506300795

 

"The Dark Side of the Force Awakens"

 Psychoanalysis: A New Take on the Human Mind in a Changing World

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The social and cultural changes at the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century provided a fertile ground for the emergence of psychoanalysis. (Shiraev, 2016). Some of the key changes that influenced psychoanalysis include:

1. The rise of industrialization and urbanization led to a breakdown of traditional social structures and a sense of dislocation and alienation among many people. This created a need for new ways to understand and treat mental illness.
2. An increase in individualism and the pursuit of happiness led to a greater awareness of the inner world of the mind and a desire to understand the unconscious forces that shape our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
3. The growing popularity of secularism and skepticism led to a decline in religious authority and a greater willingness to question traditional explanations of human behavior.

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All of these changes created a climate in which people were more open to new ideas about the mind and human nature. Sigmund Freud's theories of psychoanalysis provided a new way to understand and treat mental illness, and they offered a new perspective on human development and behavior (Shiraev, 2016).

Here are some specific examples of how social and cultural changes related to emerging theories of psychoanalysis:

1. Freud's theory of the Oedipus complex was influenced by his observations of the changing social roles of men and women in the late nineteenth century.
2. Freud's theory of the superego was influenced by his belief that the decline of religious authority had led to an increase in internalized guilt and anxiety.
3. Freud's theory of the unconscious was influenced by the growing acceptance of hypnosis and other forms of suggestion therapy
4. Carl Jung's theory of archetypes was influenced by the study of mythology and religion from around the world. He argued that these myths and religions reflected universal patterns in the human psyche (Shiraev, 2016). 

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Psychoanalysis has had a profound influence on our understanding of the mind and human behavior. It has also had a significant impact on other fields, such as literature, art, and film.

Here are some other factors that also contributed to the emergence of psychoanalysis:

1.  The development of scientific methods, such as hypnosis and free association, allowed psychoanalysts to assess the unconscious mind.
2. The work of mental health pioneers such as Pierre Janet and Jean-Martin Charcot laid the groundwork for Freud's theories (Shiraev, 2016).
3. Freud's own personal experiences such as his own struggles with mental illness and his work with neurotic patients.

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Psychoanalysis is a complex and multifaceted field, and its relationship to social and cultural change is complex as well. However, it is clear that the social and cultural changes of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries played a significant role in the emergence of psychoanalysis as a major theoretical and clinical approach to mental health.

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References

Shiraev, E. (2016). Personality Theories. SAGE Publications, Inc. (US). https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/books/9781506300795

 

Freud on

Conflict and Anxiety

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Each stage of Freud's psychosexual development presents certain conflicts in which the child attempts to settle using social and familial constraints (Gould,& Howson 2021). Freud believed that a fixation could continue into adulthood and cause psychological disorders like neurosis and hysteria. Freud also believed that when we do not resolve these conflicts then we can develop a fixation on an erogenous area.

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Freud believed that there was constant conflict among the id, ego, and superego. The id always wants to be satisfied while the ego fights for the need to deal with reality, and the superego attempts to provide the person with a sense of morality and ethics. Freud believed that this constant battle could create anxiety (Gould,& Howson 2021):

• 
  Neurotic Anxiety
• When someone believes that they will lose control of the id's desires and be punished for inappropriate behavior. For example, children touching their genitals in public A
• Reality Anxiety
• Being afraid of events that are happening in the real world such as a car crash.
• Moral Anxiety
• This occurs when someone is afraid they will violate their society's moral principles such as killing a parent

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Freud believed that when anxiety starts, the ego tries to resolve the conflict by using defense mechanisms. Freud, his daughter, and his successors identified and classified defense mechanisms (Gould,& Howson 2021) :

• Repression
• A thought or memory is prevented from entering the consciousness.
• Projection
• When someone places their own undesirable thoughts on someone else. An example would be someone believing that someone else does not like them when in reality they do not like the person.
• Rationalization
• Someone justifies a behavior or belief for reasons other than the usually socially or morally unacceptable reasons that really lie behind the belief or behavior. An example is someone stealing from their boss because they believe that they are underpaid.
• Regression
• Weh someone temporarily reverts back to an earlier development stage when faced with a stressor.

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References

 Gould, M., & Howson, A. (2021). Freud and Personality Development. Salem Press Encyclopedia.

 

Freud

And Personality Development Part Two

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Freud believed that personality development occurs as we progressively learn to control our drives as a child. As we pass through five psychosexual stages as children our id becomes focused on different erogenous areas or parts of the body that are responsive to sexual stimulation. (Gould,& Howson 2021)

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Freud's five stages of personality are centered on erogenous zones and have three key components  (Gould,& Howson 2021):

1. Physical
2. Psychological
3. Type of fixation

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Freud's five stages of personality development(Gould,& Howson 2021):

• Oral Stage - Birth to 18 months

1.  In this stage we seek pleasure through oral activities like nursing, sucking, eating, biting, and chewing. Freud thought that a child would develop an oral fixation if they received too little or too much oral pleasure. Smoking, drinking, and nail biting are common oral fixations in adults. Freud believed that children who received too much or too little pleasure could develop either an oral-passive character which is a character that is largely passive and dependent upon others, or an oral-aggressive character, who is overly independent and aggressive toward others.

• Anal Stage - 18 months - 3 years

1. 
   During this stage, we seek pleasure through the evacuation or retention of body waste. Toilet training greatly influences this stage, as we try to reconcile our pleasure with our parent's desire that we learn to control our bodily functions. Children may refuse to use the toilet or refuse to evacuate waste altogether. Unbalanced pleasure in this stage and we can develop an anal fixation and become either an anal expulsive character - messy, disorganized, and disobedient or an anal retentive character who is controlling, obsessed with cleanliness and orderliness.

• Phallic Stage - 3-5 years

1. During this stage, children develop a desire for the parent of the opposite sex. Oedipus complex in boys and Electra complex in girls. Freud believed that boys would be envious of their fathers and fantasize about a sexual relationship with their mothers during this stage. Freud also believed that as boys realize that their mothers do not have penises, they will come to fear that their fathers will punish their desires by castrating them and this fear is called castration anxiety, and it causes boys to repress their desires for their mothers.
2. Freud also stated that girls' desires for their fathers will cause them to fantasize about having a penis and develop penis envy and according to Freud girls never realize their Electra complexes, but they live out their desires for their fathers vicariously by identifying with their mothers.
3. Freud believed that children who do not get through this phase successfully develop phallic fixations and a phallic character. One phallic character tends to have low self-regard and the other type tends to be excessively vain.

• Latency Stage - 5 years - puberty
• Freud believed that during this stage a child's sexual development comes to a halt while they repress sexual desires and tend to associate with children of the same sex
• Genital Stage - adolescence -  adulthood
• During this stage, children mature their expression of sexuality and form adult relationships with the opposite sex, according to Freud. Freud believed that the ego was fully developed at this stage and that they were capable of accepting adult responsibilities and forming a family. Freud also believed that if that person was fixated on an earlier stage
  they may develop psychological problems.

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References

 Gould, M., & Howson, A. (2021). Freud and Personality Development. Salem Press Encyclopedia.

Freud

Freud and Personality Part One

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Freud's work had a profound impact on modern understanding of the mind, sexuality, and morality, but it was also controversial. His approach has been criticized for its assumptions about gender and its emphasis on the role of mothers in personality development. Despite these criticisms, Freud's work remains highly influential in clinical psychotherapy and psychoanalytic theory.

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Freud's concept of the mind (Gould,& Howson 2021):

• ID
• The primitive, instinctual part of the mind that seeks immediate gratification of needs and desires. It is present at birth and is the source of our libido and aggressive drives.
• 
  Ego
• The rational part of the mind mediates between the demands of the id and the constraints of reality and the superego It is responsible for planning, decision-making, and problem-solving.
• Superego
• The moralistic part of the mind internalizes society's values and standards of behavior. It acts as a conscience and strives for perfection.

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Development of the Ego and Superego  (Gould,& Howson 2021):

• Infancy
• The id is dominant during infancy, as the infant focuses on meeting its basic needs for food, water, and shelter
• Early childhood -ages one to three
• The ego begins to develop as we interact with others, typically the mother. We learn that we can not always have what we need to be met immediately and must delay gratification
• 
  Middle childhood- ages three to five
• Our superego develops as we internalize society's values and standards of behavior. We learn what is right and wrong and feel guilty when we behave in a way that violates the superego's standards.

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SIGMUND FREUD

Lecture Three

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In December of 1908, the Viennese physician Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) received an intriguing invitation from the American psychologist G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924), inviting him to visit Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts, and deliver a series of lectures describing his novel views about abnormal psychology. The invitation was intriguing partly because it came from one of the senior and most influential figures in American psychology. ( Freud, 1925)

 

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• 
  In Freud's third lecture, he corrects his previous statement that the first idea a patient produces is always the repressed thought. He explains that the patient's resistance to revealing the repressed thought often leads to the production of surrogate ideas, which are related to the repressed thought in some way but are not identical to it.
• Freud compares the surrogate idea to witticism, which is an indirect expression of a thought that would be considered unacceptable or dangerous to express directly. He also compares the surrogate idea to an ore, which must be refined in order to reveal its valuable content.

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• In this lecture, Freud emphasizes the importance of dreams in psychoanalysis. He argues that dreams are the royal road to the unconscious and that anyone who wants to understand the psychoses must first understand dreams.
• 
  In this lecture, Freud notes that dreams are often dismissed as meaningless or unimportant. However, he argues that this is a mistake. Dreams are actually quite meaningful, but their meaning is often disguised. The disguise is the result of the work of the censor, a part of the mind that prevents our repressed thoughts and feelings from reaching consciousness

• Freud then goes on to explain how to interpret dreams. The key to dream interpretation is to free associate from each element of the dream. Free association is a technique in which the dreamer is free to associate with each element of the dream. Free association is a technique in which the dreamer says whatever comes to mind, without judgement or censorship. By free-associating from each element of the dream, the dreamer can uncover the latent dream thoughts. By free-associating from each element of the dream, the dreamer can uncover latent dream thoughts, which are the unconscious thoughts and feelings that underlie the dream.

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Freud also discusses the process of dream work, which is the process by which the latent dream thoughts are disguised into the manifest dream. Two main mechanisms of dream work are:

1. Condensation
1. Combining multiple thoughts and feelings into a single dream element.
2. Displacement          

    Shifting the emphasis away from the most important aspects of the dream and onto less important facts.

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Freud states that dream work is similar to the process of symptom formation. In both cases, the unconscious is trying to disguise its contents from the conscious mind. However, by understanding dream work, we can gain access to the unconscious and learn more about our repressed thoughts and feelings.

• Freud discusses some of the other important insights that psychoanalysis has gained from the study of dreams:
• Early childhood experiences
• Help shape our adult personalities. Our childhood selves continue to exist within us, even though we may have repressed many of our childhood desires and impulses.
• Symbolism in dreams.
• The unconscious often uses symbols to represent sexual and other repressed material. This symbolism can be both individual and universal, and Freud suggests that it may be the same symbolism that is used in myths and legends.
• Anxiety dreams.
• Complex and require interpretation.
• can be a way for the ego to relieve itself of repressed wishes that have become too strong.
• They contradict the idea that dreams are wish fulfillment.
• Everyday mental phenomena.
• Slips of the tongue and bungling of acts
• The above are not simply accidents, but they have meaning and can be used to uncover repressed thoughts and feelings.

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The psychoanalytic technique is a powerful tool for uncovering repressed thoughts and feelings. It is based on the following principles:

• Free association
• The patient is encouraged to say whatever comes to mind, without judgment or censorship
• Dream Interpretation
• Symbolic expressions of unconscious desires and conflicts
• Analysis of slips of the tongue and other everyday mental phenomena
• Can also be used to uncover repressed material
• Transference
• The patient's relationship with the therapist can be used to explore the patient's unconscious conflicts.

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• Freud also states in this lecture that psychoanalysis is not only a therapeutic tool but also a valuable research tool in which we can learn more about the normal and abnormal mind.

Freud cautions that many people are resistant to the idea of the unconscious mind and that this resistance is strongest in people who are struggling to repress unconscious thoughts and feelings.

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Freud, S. (1925). The origin and development of psychoanalysis. An Outline of Psychoanalysis., 21–70. https://doi.org/10.1037/11350-001

Freud

 LECTURE TWO

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Sigmund Freud, a Viennese physician, was invited by G. Stanley Hall, a senior and influential American psychologist, to visit Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts, and deliver a series of lectures on his novel views about abnormal psychology. The invitation was significant because it came from a leading figure in American psychology and because Clark University was a prestigious institution. The lecture series was part of a conference to celebrate the university's 20th anniversary, which was expected to attract the best American professors and students of psychology and psychiatry.

 

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• In Freud's second lecture he discusses the development of his own theory of hysteria, which was influenced by the work of Charcot and Janet. He begins by noting that Charcot had shown that physical trauma could cause hysterical symptoms, and Janet had proposed a theory of hysteria based on the idea of mental dissociation.
  
• Freud disagrees with Janet's view that hysteria is a form of degenerative alteration of the nervous system. He argues that hysteria is caused by repressed memories of traumatic experiences. He also argues that hypnosis is not necessary for the treatment of hysteria and that patients can be cured by helping them to recall and process their repressed memories.
• Freud concludes by discussing his own technique for uncovering repressed memories, which he called the "talking cure." This technique involved having patients talk about their symptoms and their life experiences in a state of deep concentration. Freud believed that this process would help patients to bring their repressed memories to the surface and to overcome their symptoms.

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• Freud provides an example of repression from his own practice. He treated a young woman who had developed hysterical symptoms after her sister died. The woman has forgotten a scene from her sister's deathbed, in which she had fantasized about marrying her brother-in-law. Freud was able to help the woman remember this scene and process her feelings about it, which led to the resolution of her symptoms.
• Freud uses an analogy to explain his take on the process of repression in more detail. He imagines a rowdy individual who is disrupting his lecture. The audience members eject the rowdy individual from the hall, but they then post guards at the door to prevent him from returning. This is analogous to the way that the mind represses unwanted thoughts and feelings. 
• Freud states that repression can sometimes have negative consequences. Fo example, if a repressed thought or feeling is very intense, it can manifest itself in the form of physical symptoms or psychological problems. However, Freud also believes that repression can be a useful defense mechanism, as it can help to protect the mind from overwhelming emotions.

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Freud believes that psychoanalysis can help people to cure their neuroses by helping them to bring their repressed desires to the surface and to process them In a healthy way. Freud compares this process to the role of a mediator who can help two parties to resolve a conflict.

In Freud's example of the rowdy individual disrupting the lecture, the audience members as as the ego, which is the part of the mind that is responsible for consciousness and reality testing. The rowdy individual represents the repressed desire, which is trying to force its way into consciousness. Freud is the mediator, who helps the ego to come to terms with the repressed desire in a way that is acceptable to both sides.

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References

 

Freud, S. (1925). The origin and development of psychoanalysis. An Outline of Psychoanalysis., 21–70. https://doi.org/10.1037/11350-001

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Sigmund Freud

    LECTURE ONE

Sigmund Freud, a Viennese physician, was invited by G. Stanley Hall, a senior and

influential American psychologist, to visit Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts, and deliver a series of lectures on his novel views about abnormal psychology. The invitation was significant because it came from a leading figure in American psychology and because Clark University was a prestigious institution. The lecture series was part of a conference to celebrate the university's 20th anniversary, which was expected to attract the best American professors and students of psychology and psychiatry.

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• Sigmund Freud was lecturing on the history of psychoanalysis to an audience of non-medical professionals. He begins by stating that he is not the creator of psychoanalysis, but rather that he was inspired by the work of Dr. Joseph Breuer.
• Freud then proceeds to give a brief case study of one of Breuer's patients who was a young woman who was suffering from a variety of physical and mental symptoms, including paralysis, blindness, and loss of speech. Breuer hypothesized that the patient's symptoms were not due to a physical illness, but to hysteria which is a mental disorder characterized by a variety of physical symptoms that have an organic basis.

• Freud then proceeds to give a brief case study of one of Breuer's patients, a young woman who was suffering from a variety of physical and mental symptoms, including paralysis, blindness, and loss of speech. Breuer hypothesized that the patient's symptoms were not due to a physical illness, but instead to hysteria, a mental disorder characterized by various physical symptoms that have no organic basis.
• Breur developed a new method of treating hysteria, which he called psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis involves having the patient talk about her symptoms and her life experiences in order to bring unconscious conflicts and emotions to the surface. Breuer/s patient eventually recovered from her symptoms after undergoing psychoanalysis.
• Freud was impressed by Breuer's success in treating this patient, and he began to develop his own theories and techniques of psychoanalysis. Freud eventually became the most famous and influential psychoanalyst in history.

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The patient, who was given the pseudonym Anna O, suffered from a variety of physical and mental symptoms. Dr. Breuer hypothesized that her symptoms were caused by repressed memories of traumatic events in her life.

Over time, Anna O. was able to recall and process many of her repressed memories, and her symptoms began to disappear. One example, Anna was able to cure her symptom of being unable to drink water by remembering a time when she had seen her dog drink from a glass and became disgusted.

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• Freud continues discussing the role of repressed memories and emotions in the development of hysteria. One of Anna O's repressed memories that she remembered was a time when she saw a snake near her sick father's bed.

Freud compares hysterical symptoms to memory symbols, such as the monuments in London that commemorate historical events. He argues that hysterics, like the people who would stand all day in from of these monuments, are fixated on the past and unable to live in the present.

Freud then discusses the two factors that contribute to the development of hysteria:

1. repressed emotions
1. When people suppress their emotions, these emotions become converted into physical symptoms and Freud calls this "hysterical conversion."
2. abnormal bodily innervations.

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• Breuer also discovered that it was possible to cure these symptoms by having the patients recall these experiences under hypnosis.
• In Freud's lecture, he states that these findings can be explained by the existence of unconscious mental states. These states are separate from conscious awareness and can continue to influence the mind and body even if the person is not aware of them.

• In this lecture, Freud criticizes Breuer's concept of hypnoidal states as being too narrow. Freud argued that the unconscious mental states can have a variety of causes, including childhood experiences, repressed emotions, and conflicts.
• Freud concludes this first lecture by stating that psychoanalysis is still in its early stages of development and that it has the potential to provide a comprehensive explanation of the causes and treatment of hysteria.

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References

 Freud, S. (1925). The origin and development of psychoanalysis. An Outline of Psychoanalysis., 21–70. https://doi.org/10.1037/11350-001

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